A household budget, saving for a business investment, or managing an unforeseen emergency can cause stress in the most adept household, let alone those experiencing the vulnerability and volatility of poverty. Learning to navigate financial systems and products is a long-term endeavor.

Building financial capability — that is, the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors needed to make sound financial decisions to support well-being — can take time and creativity. The ultimate goal is to equip all people with the skills to navigate financial services safely and effectively and allow them to accrue their benefits. For poor and rural communities, this can mean increasing resiliency and reducing exposure to economic shocks, improving income growth and investment, and promoting more sustainable and equitable development. And for women, in particular, the accrued benefits can mean navigating financial choices with confidence, seeing themselves — and being seen — as financial clients, and accessing and using technology with ease.

While overall progress has been made in advancing financial inclusion, progress for women continues to lag. Globally, <a href="https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">male ownership is likely to be higher than female ownership of accounts</a>, with a gap of nearly 7 percent, which has persisted despite the overall rise in account ownership. The gender gap is much worse in some countries, where <a href="https://www.cgap.org/blog/how-social-norms-men-restrict-womens-financial-inclusion" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">social norms govern financial access and decision-making</a>. For instance, in Pakistan, while account ownership doubled since 2011, most of the growth was driven by accounts owned by men. Similarly, in Ethiopia, account ownership by men increased by roughly twice the size of the increase among women since 2014.

We must invest in building women’s financial capability to close this gap and make meaningful progress in women’s access to and usage of financial services. Doing so will require a deeper understanding of the economic and social constraints women face in accessing financial services. Yet existing tools for building financial capability have a mixed track record and there is scarce evidence on which approaches and delivery channels are likely to produce lasting impact.

This publication examines how best to share information, build capability, and enable lasting behavior change in a context in which women may have limited say in their own economic choices or require additional support or flexibility to overcome trust and care responsibilities. We examine the characteristics and success of existing approaches to building women’s financial capability and find a gap in programming that sufficiently accounts for women’s preferences, which are largely influenced by gendered social norms.

Readers of this report will come away with:
<ul>
 	<li>a stronger understanding of the role of gender norms that constrain women's financial capability</li>
 	<li>an overview of current women's financial capability initiatives, including classroom-based initiatives, technology-led financial education, and high-touch financial capability approaches</li>
 	<li>recommendations on how to ensure women are meaningfully and successfully engaged with financial services.</li>
</ul>

Building Women’s Financial Capability: A Path Toward Transformation

This <a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusion.org/financial-inclusion-week-2019/">Financial Inclusion Week</a>, we’re asking ourselves what the purpose of our work is. For those of us who work with refugees, financial inclusion is often for rebuilding sustainable livelihoods, resilience, and self-reliance.

Driven by necessity and limited employment choices, many refugees decide to start a business once they settle in a host country. However, lack of financial capital represents a major stumbling block on the way to business success. Financial service providers (FSPs) in a number of countries are starting to become aware of the potential of this underserved market, but much of the work is still at an incipient phase. FSPs often have questions related to whether operations adjustments may be required, strategies to follow to reduce credit risk, and supporting non-financial services. While every context is different, some good practices are emerging among a number of FSPs, which have been extending credit and other financial services to refugees. Drawing on their experiences, here are four recommendations for FSPs on how to start including this underserved market in their microfinance portfolio:
<h2>1. Analyze market data for better targeting.</h2>
Refugees aren't a homogeneous group, so FSPs first need to understand the differences of their socio-economic characteristics to be able to make an informed decision regarding which sub-segments they wish to serve. Relevant data for a first screening may be offered by local development and humanitarian agencies, and – in addition to basic demographic information – should ideally include data such as vocational or business training received, access to start-up financing, access to bank accounts, description of enterprises, and membership to any existing saving groups. Sometimes this data may be unavailable or insufficient, and market feasibility studies may be required. Especially in countries with high concentration of refugees living in settlements where FSPs have no presence, this would require set-up costs for branches or delivery channels.
<blockquote>A study revealed that refugee communities had enough financial capacity to be good clients.</blockquote>
To identify the potential market of serving refugee entrepreneurs in the West Nile region, <a href="http://www.visionfund.org/2095/where/africa/uganda/">VisionFund Uganda</a> conducted an <a href="http://www.visionfund.org/222/media/news/article/report---serving-refugee-communities-in-uganda/">assessment</a> of 6,700 refugee members of existing saving groups. The study revealed that the refugee communities had enough financial capacity to be good clients, given the presence of daily and weekly markets in the camps, availability of fairly good network coverage, and mobile money agents and existence of entrepreneurial groups and business activity. The results from this assessment, when considered alongside data collected from a broader <a href="https://www.findevgateway.org/blog/2018/oct/getting-it-right-providing-financial-services-refugees">market survey</a> previously conducted by Microfinanza, convinced the MFI to set-up their first branch in the West Nile and start serving refugees.
<h2>2. Widen the range of acceptable forms of IDs while complying with regulation.</h2>
Depending on FSPs’ internal policies and the host country’s regulatory framework, adjustments to FSPS’ internal procedures may be required to serve refugees clients. <a href="https://corporate.mybucks.com/articles/worlds-first-refugee-camp-bank-a-resounding-success/13TBmOsflyCQsUqyeQoSMI">MyBucks in Malawi</a> is the first financial institution to provide a full range of financial services to clients at a refugee camp. Refugees in the Dzaleka camp had no access to FSP providers until last year and had to travel roughly 40 kilometers to the nearest city of Lilongwe to access financial services. The bank saw the business potential of this untapped market, but in order to serve refugees, MyBucks needed to tailor its offering by widening the acceptable forms of identification. Refugee clients often don't meet KYC policies required by the bank – such as a passport or national ID – and don't own land properties that the bank can use as securities. Therefore, in order to comply with the country’s regulations, MyBucks sought a waiver from the central bank to use refugee forms provided by UNHCR to allow refugees to open bank accounts. Today, the bank, which opened its first branch in April 2018, is offering a full range of banking services to refugees.

As of July 2019, 153 refugee entrepreneurs have received business loans from the bank, which relies on group lending methodology to lower credit risks in extending collateral-free loans to refugees. Each individual has to repay according to his/her amount and repayment schedule. The group guarantees for the members, in case a member can't repay on time. Repayment rates to date are 100 percent. MFIs in other countries which don't have to comply to stringent banking regulations, have also been accepting old refugee IDs and expired passports as means to verify identities. A number of new identification and verification measures through blockchain are also starting to emerge which provide innovative tools to verify people’s identities and monitor risk in financial transactions.

A <a href="https://www.makingcents.com/hawiyati-english">digital identity</a> for refugees has been piloted in Jordan and Lebanon by local MFIs. This provides their clients with a “portable identity” that verifies their foundational identification (government or UNHCR issued) digitally, records their credit history, and uploads other important documents. This identity will be especially useful in case a refugee wishes to access banking services upon return to the home country or in case of resettlement, and can also work as an incentive to repay the loan on time.
<h2>3. Establish alternative procedures to mitigate credit risk.</h2>
FSPs are used to the conventional eligibility requirements that proof of citizenship, identity, and residency cards reduce credit risk. Nevertheless, there can be other ways to monitor risk and to verify IDs by adding some flexibility to documentation required. <a href="https://www.almajmoua.org">AlMajmoua</a> is the biggest MFI in Lebanon, the country with the highest number of refugees relative to its population. The MFI serves over 9,000 refugee borrowers with a loan portfolio of over $9 million and repayment rates of almost 100 percent, making it the financial institution with the highest number of refugee borrowers served in a country. More than half of the loans disbursed by AlMajmoua to refugees are for income generation in the limited sectors were refugees are allowed to work in the country, such as field crops, cleaning services, sewing, selling clothes and hairdressing.
<blockquote>AlMajmoua serves over 9,000 refugee borrowers with a loan portfolio of over $9 million and repayment rates of almost 100 percent.</blockquote>
How did this MFI succeed in reaching thousands of refugee clients – many of which through individual loans, so where no social guarantee can be applied – with excellent repayments? To mitigate credit risk, the MFI primarily relies on a strong communication channel between their loan officers and clients by conducting regular business visits, which also allow it to find out whether refugees may have imminent plans to return to their home country or relocate. Additionally, AlMajmoua exceptionally provides loans up to $1,500 to refugees who don’t hold an active residency permit as long as they have a Lebanese, Palestinian or Syrian guarantor with a valid residency permit.
<h2>4. If you provide enterprise support services, consider what would be relevant for refugees new to business.</h2>
Sometimes credit isn't sufficient to initiate and scale up a business activity and refugees may need the support of incubators and start-up technical assistance. Some FSPs might already have their training curricula well developed, which might have to be adapted to the needs of the foreign-born clients. <a href="http://www.microfund.org.jo/">Microfund for Women</a> (MFW), Jordan’s largest not-for-profit microfinance institution, serves over 7,500 Syrian refugees, approximately 40 percent of whom are involved in income generation activities, mostly commercial and home-based services. For MFW, it proved particularly important to accompany loans with non-financial services tailored around refugee women’s specific needs (most of their Syrian refugee women clients were not working before the war started). The MFI has established a learning academy and developed training curricula for both beneficiaries and staff members related to market ofrientation, business management skills, financial literacy, and marketing. In addition. MFW offers free feasibility studies for start-up entrepreneurial businesses with loan amounts higher than $4,000.

When FSPs don't offer such services, they may be able to partner with organizations offering that do. For example, <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm">ILO</a> is adapting its <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_560493/lang--en/index.htm">business skills development training tools</a> to the needs of the displaced population and the local context, and is now planning to train refugees and host communities to develop their own enterprises and facilitate access to finance. A first training has already been deployed in Kenya through the Danish Refugee Council in the Dadaab refugee camps.
<blockquote>When FSPs don't offer such services, they may be able to partner with organizations that do.</blockquote>
Hopefully, this post will spark FSPs to realize the important role they have in finding solutions to the refugee crisis. By extending their services to the refugee population in their country, FSPs won't only support the resilience and self-reliance of this widely underserved market, they will also assist in overcoming stigma and helping refugees contribute economically and socially to host communities.

How to Include Refugee Entrepreneurs in Microfinance

<em>&gt; Posted by Lisa Kienzle and Gigi Gatti, Grameen Foundation</em>

Women make great digital financial service (DFS) agents: they are often savvy at managing liquidity, effective at building trust, and perhaps most importantly, they are more effective at onboarding other women into DFS than men. This makes the recruitment and training of women agents an important strategy for closing the gender gaps in digital financial services and technology, and for ultimately ensuring universal financial inclusion.

Men in developing markets still outpace women in account ownership by <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/globalfindex/infographics/infographic-global-findex-2014-gender-income">9 percent</a>. The technology gap is even larger - women are 14 percent less likely to own a mobile phone than men. Given the growing emphasis on digital solutions to drive financial inclusion, this technology gap could further widen the financial services gender divide if not explicitly taken into account in the design of digital solutions. Women agents are a crucial element of that design.

However, research from the <a href="http://www.helix-institute.com/blog/building-business-case-women-agents">Helix Institute of Digital Finance</a> shows that women are consistently underrepresented in agency networks due to a variety of cultural and socio-economic constraints. These start from their difficulty in obtaining formal financial services. Many women lack a bank account, the documentation to get an account, and any sort of information on their financial behaviors, let alone a credit history needed to access a formal loan. Even greater challenges can confront aspiring financial service agents, who may need to acquire and learn new technologies to act as agents.

In the Philippines, Grameen Foundation, a global nonprofit that uses technology to empower the poor, is harnessing the power of the local investors to fund women agents. Last December, Grameen Foundation launched the Community Agent Network (CAN) Program, which engages <em>nanays</em> - women running sari-sari shops (neighborhood variety shops) - to take on a new role as financial service providers. Grameen Foundation partnered with Payswitch Fintech Ventures to design Panalo, a payments platform.

Across the board, when traditional financing fails, innovative financing is needed - such as leveraging the power of the crowd. Crowdfunding models that use online platforms to enable peer-to-peer lending can offer alternative ways for women entrepreneurs to access funding - either from local or international investors - to overcome their financing challenges.

To help <em>nanays</em> invest in the required technology, Grameen Foundation is launching a crowdfunding campaign in partnership with <a href="https://fundko.com/">FundKo</a>, a local Filipino peer-to-peer lending platform, to provide the women with access to initial capital and the necessary digital platforms, enabling them to become financial service agents for their mostly poor and unbanked clientele. By the end of 2017, the CAN network aims to expand to over 600 sari-sari stores, and reach 66,000 low-income customers across several islands.

We’re seeing crowdfunding being put to work to enable women agents in other parts of the world as well. In sub-Saharan Africa, <a href="http://www.ilovezoona.com/">Zoona Zambia</a>, a digital payments technology provider, found that women as agents make good business sense - they were better at running their agency business than men were.  When Zoona expanded to Malawi, they decided to focus on recruiting women agents. To address the upfront capital hurdle for its agents, Zoona partners with Kiva, an international crowd-funding organization that matches lenders with entrepreneurs to offer low-interest loans. They’ve found that women raise funds twice as fast as men through the platform.  As a result, today <a href="http://blog.mondato.com/women/">70 percent</a> of Zoona’s agents in Malawi are women.

These peer-to-peer models remove the roadblock of access to start-up capital, but another challenge remains. Central to first-time agent banking models is access to training and information. In the Philippines, Grameen Foundation works with Payswitch to train sari-sari store owners on the digital payments platform. The training covers hard skills, including the use of the technology and the digital financial services products on offer, and soft skills, such as customer service and support. Similarly, Zoona educates women on business financing and agency management. The coupling of appropriate access to capital and information ensures that these women have the tools they need to make the most of their investment in their business.

Although access to finance and training are two major barriers facing women agents, agent network managers looking to bring women into their service potentially need to address a host of socio-economic disparities and cultural challenges and their many variations across geographies.  Innovative designs could address the particular needs of these aspiring women entrepreneurs. However, finding unique ways of financing and training women agents when traditional banking fails can remove key constraints to a more inclusive agency system, and in turn, work to decrease the gender divide in financial inclusion.

<em>Lisa Kienzle is global director of financial services at Grameen Foundation. Gigi Gatti is Grameen Foundation's regional director (financial services) for Asia and country director for the Philippines.</em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/12/19/a-review-of-the-case-for-social-investment-in-microcredit-by-tim-ogden/">A Review of 'The Case for Social Investment in Microcredit' by Tim Ogden</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/08/11/exploring-responsible-agent-management-in-india/">Exploring Responsible Agent Management in India</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/28/fintechprotects-prioritizing-responsible-agent-management-at-oxigen/">#FintechProtects: Prioritizing Responsible Agent Management at Oxigen</a>

Will the Crowd Support More Women Agents?

<em>&gt; Posted by Arielle Salomon, Account Manager, Entrepreneurial Finance Lab</em>

<a href="http://eflglobal.blogspot.com/2012/12/efl-mobile-technology-reinventing-sme.html" target="_blank" rel="attachment wp-att-10831"><img class="alignright  wp-image-10831" style="border:0" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/gab-20121207-07.jpg" width="360" /></a>Providing financial services to entrepreneurs is a challenging operation in developing countries where small businesses may be isolated in a rural village without reliable roads or internet coverage. Service providers must pay the high costs of employing staff to reach out to remote villages while capturing limited revenue from small-scale products. Yet entrepreneurs in these regions need tools like credit and insurance to make investments and grow their businesses as just as do their counterparts in more developed regions.

Mobile phones are changing the financial landscape helping to expand the possibilities of service models. With novel mobile solutions to bridge the financial access gap, innovators can provide entrepreneurs with new tools and opportunities to support their businesses.

Here are a few cutting-edge models rendering financial services more portable:

<b>Portable Bank</b>. <a href="http://www.opportunity.org/our-work/rural-outreach/#.UKUezIdZWt8" target="_blank">Opportunity International</a> (OI) is putting its bank on wheels. With a portable bank that offers savings, loans, and other such financial services regularly circulating within walking distance of clients' farms or small businesses, entrepreneurs do not have to miss out on business to trek to the bank. OI is developing these portable bank branches in locations around the world. OI also offers electronic wallets that allow customers to make deposits on mobile phones. With this cashless solution, the bank reduces both the risk of client theft/robbery and also the likelihood of staff fraud. OI’s electric wallets are currently in use in Malawi and seven other African countries.

<b>Portable Credit</b>. The <a href="http://www.eflglobal.com/" target="_blank">Entrepreneurial Finance Lab</a> (EFL) is helping banks, MFIs, and other partners improve operations with portable technology. Not only can loan officers complete credit applications electronically on a mobile phone or tablet, but they can also collect photos and the precise location of their clients with the use of mobile GPS. With near-real-time scoring of the EFL Tool, an application that captures the ability and willingness of customers to repay a loan, banks have the opportunity to pre-approve clients on the spot. The improved efficiency of automated data collection and credit assessment decreases service turnaround time and increases credit access. The EFL Tool has been used in over 20 countries to date and has processed over 50,000 credit applications.<b><span style="text-decoration:underline"></span></b>

<b>Portable Insurance</b>. The mobile network operator, <a href="http://www.mtn.co.za/Pages/MTN.aspx" target="_blank">MTN</a>, has partnered with Hollard Insurance Group to offer Mi-Life, a mobile phone life insurance, which provides entrepreneurs and their families with financial security in the case of death. MTN clients can buy life insurance, pay premiums, and initiate claims using their mobile phones and SMS. By using mobile phone technology that keeps servicing cost low, MTN can offer insurance premiums a low as $0.65 USD/month. If clients have enough money deposited, the entrepreneurs among them can also use their insurance policy as collateral when applying for loans. Mi-Life is available to MTN Mobile Money users throughout Ghana.

<b>Portable Asset Financing</b>. Portable asset financing enables entrepreneurs to invest in costly assets by making small installment payments with a mobile phone. This financial tool opens a large range of opportunities to enable low-income consumers to access utilities and investments. Former head of Vodafone’s Global Payments and M-PESA founder, Nick Hughes, helped develop a company called <a href="http://youtu.be/i9Wrzp29uqw" target="_blank">M-Kopa</a>. M-Kopa enables Kenyans to acquire a device, like a <a href="http://www.dlightdesign.com/" target="_blank">d.light</a> solar home system up front and pay for its use with affordable installments. M-Kopa operates with small computer chips integrated with M-PESA that are inserted into the devices allowing customers to make electronic payments.

<em>Image credit: <a href="http://eflglobal.blogspot.com/2012/12/efl-mobile-technology-reinventing-sme.html" target="_blank">Entrepreneurial Finance Lab</a></em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/03/21/microinsurance-innovations-whats-next/" target="_blank">Microinsurance Innovations: What's Next?</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/01/29/catch-and-release-checking-in-on-recent-mobile-money-happenings/" target="_blank">Catch and Release - Checking in on Recent Mobile Money Happenings</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2012/11/14/four-ways-big-data-will-impact-financial-inclusion/" target="_blank">Four Ways Big Data Will Impact Financial Inclusion</a>

Innovations in Portability for the Developing World

<i><a href="http://blog.paragonwealth.com/2012/12/11/should-not-be-your-only-savings-plan/" target="_blank" rel="attachment wp-att-9192"><img class="alignright  wp-image-9192" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/jars-of-coins_opt1.jpg" width="300" /></a>The following post, written by Tilman Ehrbeck, CEO of CGAP, was <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tilman-ehrbeck/financial-inclusion-poor_b_2317686.html" target="_blank">originally published</a> on the Huffington Post Business Blog, with the title </i>Behavioral Insights to Advance Financial Inclusion -- or Why Swedes Are Not Necessarily Better Human Beings Than Danes<i>.
</i>

In Sweden, all new drivers start out registered to be organ donors in the event of their passing. They have the freedom to opt out without negative consequences. Fourteen percent decide to do so and 86 percent remain organ donors. Across the Oresund, less than 10 miles away, Danes have to proactively decide whether they want to become organ donors. Less than 5 percent do, and <a href="http://danariely.com/2008/05/05/3-main-lessons-of-psychology" target="_hplink">more than 95 percent don't</a>. On the global scale of things, Sweden and Denmark are culturally quite similar: generally credited with being open-minded, socially responsible, common-sense Scandinavians.

The vast difference between Swedish and Danish organ donor participation rates (technically "presumed consent") despite all the cultural similarities is one of the most dramatic examples of the power of policy design that takes into account pervasive human cognitive and behavioral biases to help us do what we generally think is a good thing, but often have a hard time following through with. One such bias is that, when decisions are tough, we tend to prefer the status quo; and relatedly, it's much harder to proactively opt for something, rather than to simply stick with the offered default choice. (The approach, popularized by the term 'nudging,' even led the UK Prime Minister to set up a 'nudge' <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016ldtj" target="_hplink">policy advisory unit</a>.)

Based on the earlier path-breaking work on human decision-making by psychologists, an increasing number of economists have pushed and developed the notion of behavioral finance over the last decade, and increasingly business leaders, policymakers and regulators are picking up on these ideas to advance financial access for the poor and to improve consumer protection that actually works in financial services. New products are being developed and new policies are being formulated not on the basis of how people ought to behave, but based on what they actually do and not do.

In Malawi, Opportunity Bank <a href="http://www.opportunity.org/our-work/bank-building/" target="_hplink">observed</a> that farmers had a hard time holding onto to post-harvest cash and often reached the next planting season without the required resources. Based on this observation, the bank developed a commitment savings product that allows farmers to stash away post-harvest payouts and distribute them over the year to smooth cash flows. The introduction of this project was accompanied by a<a href="http://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-Forum-Latest-Findings-from-Randomized-Evaluations-of-Microfinance-Dec-2011.pdf" target="_hplink"> randomized impact evaluation</a>. The effects were significant. Farmers with access to the new product managed their savings and cash flow better, and in the subsequent season used more agricultural inputs (a 26 percent increase), had higher crop sales (a 22 percent increase in value of crop output) and a 17 percent increase in household expenditure relative to a control group without such access.

There are other such examples of behaviorally-informed product innovations. Green Bank in the Philippines offers a <a href="http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/commitment-savings-products-philippines" target="_hplink">SEED (Save, Earn, Enjoy, Deposit</a>) commitment savings product, which enables clients to withdraw from the account only once their goal date or amount is reached. <a href="http://www.cgap.org/publications/jipange-kusave-experiment-kenya" target="_hplink">Jipange KuSave </a>in Kenya has tested the provision of interest-free loans with a third of the amount held back as savings. And Bancomer in Mexico has developed a savings product concept that <a href="http://www.cgap.org/photos-videos/bancarizaci%C3%B3n-bringing-savings-product-marke" target="_hplink">mirrors</a> the savings behavior of low-income Mexican households who literally use different cookies jars to separate savings for different future purposes.

Similarly, policymakers have begun recognizing that statutes on the books that ignore the reality of low-income families are of limited value. They have started to incorporate demand-side insights into their approaches. In Mexico, for example, the financial consumer protection agency "mystery shopped" financial services to assess how well bank staff were conveying disclosure norms to consumers. They found widespread misinformation and biases towards different types of personalities and even styles of dress that prompted them to rethink their approach to disclosure.

In the Philippines, consumer testing of credit contracts has led to reforms to the Truth-in-Lending Act. And in Senegal, policymakers have used consumer surveys to test and improve the functioning of dispute resolution mechanisms.

<em>To read the rest of the post, visit the <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tilman-ehrbeck/financial-inclusion-poor_b_2317686.html" target="_blank">Huffington Post Business Blog</a>.</em>

<em>Image credit: <a href="http://blog.paragonwealth.com/2012/12/11/should-not-be-your-only-savings-plan/" target="_blank">Paragon Wealth Management</a><a href="http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/work/internships/articles/microfinance-internships-abroad.shtml">
</a></em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2012/09/27/child-and-youth-finance-governments-step-in/" target="_blank">Child and Youth Finance - Governments Step in</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2012/08/29/towards-behaviorally-informed-financial-consumer-protection/" target="_blank">Towards Behaviorally-Informed Financial Consumer Protection</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2012/08/17/an-excellent-resource-on-regulating-client-protection-ifmr-trusts-blog-series/" target="_blank">An Excellent Resource on Regulating Client Protection: IFMR Trust's Blog Series</a>

Behavioral Insights to Advance Financial Inclusion

Julia Arnold

Jayshree Venkatesan

Micol Pistelli

Arielle Salomon

Mary Ellen

Bangladesh

Brazil

Cambodia

Chile

Colombia

East Asia and Pacific

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Europe and Central Asia

Ghana

Kenya

Latin America and The Caribbean

Malawi

Mexico

Middle East and North Africa

Mozambique

Pakistan

Philippines

South Africa

South Asia

Spain

Sub-Saharan Africa

Tanzania

Jordan

Lebanon

Uganda

Denmark

Sweden

Appropriate Product Design and Delivery

Behavioral Insights

Consumer Protection

Delivery Channels

Digital Financial Services

Financial Capability

Financial Health

Financial Service Providers

Human Touch

Partnerships

Personal Financial Management

Resilience

Underserved Groups

Women

Microfinance Institutions

Refugees and Migrants

Agent Banking

Crowdfunding

Fintechs

Insurance

Mobile Banking

Banks

Policy, Regulation and Government Initiatives

Report

Blog Post

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