The impact investing world is an exciting place to be. Investors’ hopes of doing good and doing well are alive and well. As impact investing matures, veterans in the field are asking how to focus resources. Should we seek high returns in order to attract mainstream investors, or maintain a clear social bottom line, even if returns fall below the market average? Which direction should our unique blend of development and capitalism take?

Two recent articles attempt to answer this question: one is a <a href="https://ssir.org/articles/entry/almost_everything_you_know_about_impact_investing_is_wrong">longer essay in Stanford Social Innovation Review</a> – by <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/people/wendy-abt">Wendy Abt</a> – the other an <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b6c893d4-f48e-11e8-9623-d7f9881e729f">interview with Elizabeth Littlefield in the Financial Times</a>. Both these accomplished women are well positioned to reflect on and shape the future of impact investing.

Abt is the founder of <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=51828662">WPA, Inc.</a>, an investment advisory firm, and former deputy assistant of USAID. Littlefield was the director of CGAP before becoming president of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, which has shaped her current role as Senior Counselor of the <a href="https://www.albrightstonebridge.com/team/elizabeth-l-littlefield">Albright Stonebridge Group</a>.

There is a lot to agree on in both articles, but I have some reservations about them as well.
<h2>Abt: Market Returns, Better Measurement, Bigger Players, and a Different Investment Paradigm</h2>
Abt is right that greater clarity is needed regarding impact investing’s key principles and practices.

She contrasts two investing paradigms that come from mainstream investing but are often applied in impact investing. The first is venture capital (and incubators), an approach that prioritizes rapid growth and a clear exit strategy for investors. The problem here is that fast growth and clear exits can be incompatible with attention to social impact. Abt prefers an approach that more closely resembles project finance. While the analogy may not be exactly appropriate, project finance takes a longer-term perspective and considers complementary investments by other players.

She also points out that too many impact investors surrender to concessionary business models before they even join the fight for market returns. They offer a plethora of rationales to justify concessionary returns, arguing, for example, that subsidies are necessary because impact-oriented businesses take a long time to become financially self-sustaining. Many social enterprise business models need to start off with concessionary funding (subsidies) because the timeline for revenue generation is unclear: these are, after all, new operating models tackling social problems that big business has not taken on. Often however, this concessionary capital becomes “permanent” because the goal of moving towards financial sustainability takes a back seat to other priorities. So I agree that impact investors should expect their investees to move towards sustainability and profitability, and that requires clearly negotiated timelines and diligent oversight.

However, Abt makes some assertions that I disagree with.

Abt insists that the purpose of impact investing is to solve major social problems – like income inequality or global warming – by attracting non-concessionary capital into a competitive marketplace. I’m not on board with several parts of that claim. Impact investors should not have to carry the weight of building more competitive markets, and do not have to aim exclusively at non-concessionary capital sources. These are grand aims, but often they are too much to ask of investors wishing to use their own capital in socially positive ways.

As a result of her focus on non-concessionary capital, the only source of below-market capital Abt is willing to entertain is government, on the grounds that if impact investors do not anchor themselves to market returns, they risk serious misallocation of resources. I disagree. In fact, many impact investors, especially foundations, prioritize social return over market returns especially if their money can be used in a catalytic way to create a business with a social good. Why should they not be considered legitimate investors?
<blockquote>Many impact investors prioritize social return over market returns, especially if their money can be used in a catalytic way to create a business with a social good.</blockquote>
Because Abt’s vision is all about major social problems, she defers to the biggest corporations in a way I find a bit troubling. She asserts that only large regional and global companies, not small ventures, can make a difference in the complex sectors most critical to the poor, namely infrastructure, health, agriculture and logistics. She states, “impact investors are noticing the advantages that global and large regional firms have over smaller firms in low-income and fragile countries.” She cites successes of Carlos Slim in Mexico, Aliko Dangote in Nigeria, and Jack Ma in China.

It may be true that behemoths have advantages, but it’s simplistic and unrealistic to apply that thinking wholesale. It sends a message that impact investing is all about co-investing with or exiting to Alibaba or Dangote, who were themselves small disruptors at one time. But do the behemoths value social impact? What should happen in countries where big companies don’t invest? It’s true that the goal of many a small innovator is to sell to a global company – and that proves my point: impact investing is needed precisely for these smaller firms to innovate and test their ideas before large multinationals will give them a second glance.
<h2>Littlefield: Market Returns Not Necessary?</h2>
I put myself more in Littlefield’s camp, agreeing with her assertion that the impact investment sector should accommodate all investors, whether large or small, institutional or individual, philanthropic or commercial. Millennials are demanding investment opportunities, and not all are looking for above market rates of return. The “investment experience” is important along with social and financial returns. Research suggests that the demand for sustainability is <a href="https://www.inc.com/melanie-curtin/73-percent-of-millennials-are-willing-to-spend-more-money-on-this-1-type-of-product.html">firmly entrenched in mainstream millennial attitudes toward money</a>. As these millennials gain seniority in the business world, they won’t hesitate to advocate investment decisions that promote sustainability above traditional market returns, and data-driven decision making will help shape these investment decisions, even if it means their money grows more slowly. Many millennial investors are willing to experiment and refine. Time, of course, is on their side.

Moreover, a below-market return doesn’t mean a loss. Investors who prioritize social returns are also looking for the investee to grow and become profitable. With this in mind, I agree with Littlefield that the universe of impact investors has to be broadened, which is why I appreciate her wider definition of “impact investor” vis a vis Abt. There is no one type of impact investor, so there is no single approach or type of funding that will ensure success.
<blockquote>the universe of impact investors has to be broadened.</blockquote>
Abt’s search for a big business fix is not realistic. Yes, there is a lot to say for economies of scale, access to cheap capital and the big data that big players bring, but can we trust these companies to care for small impact investment projects, especially in cases of global economic headwinds? Will they let them fall by the wayside when they need to make revenue projections for a particular quarter? To succeed, the impact investment sector will need a broad and diverse community of investors. As we move forward, millennials will drive this diversification.

If you’ve read this article, chances are you have a lot on your mind regarding the impact investing and how it affects financial inclusion. We’d like to hear from you! Please write your opinions in the comments below and let the world know what you think.

The Future of Impact Investing: CFI’s Take on Dueling Views

North America

Equity Investing

Impact Investing

Responsible Investing

Social Impact Metrics

Blog Post

This virtual dialogue provides an opportunity for the <a href="/about/what-we-do/africa-board-fellowship-program/">Africa Board Fellowship</a> (ABF) network and <a href="/about/what-we-do/fiec/">Financial Inclusion Equity Council</a> (FIEC) members to discuss the role disruptive technologies play in advancing financial inclusion. This dialogue will also provide opportunities for peer exchange on investment evaluation and which technology solutions have the potential to be the most disruptive.

Discussion Topics:
<ul>
 	<li>The theme of financial inclusion week is “getting inclusion right”. What role do disruptive technologies have in advancing that agenda?</li>
 	<li>What are the most innovative and disruptive technologies that you are seeing in the FI sector?</li>
 	<li>Are there technologies from other sector that we should be watching/following?</li>
 	<li>How can investors evaluate different technologies for financial inclusion? What criteria to you use to assess which technology solutions have the potential to be the most disruptive?</li>
</ul>
Featuring:
<ul>
 	<li>Wayne Hennessy-Barrett, CEO, 4G Capital, ABF Fellow</li>
 	<li>Ami Dalal, Managing Director, FINCA Ventures, FIEC Member</li>
</ul>
Moderator:
<ul>
 	<li><a href="/bio/danielle-piskadlo">Danielle Piskadlo</a>, Director, Investing in Inclusive Finance, CFI</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Webinar: Disruptive Technologies Advancing Financial Inclusion

Africa Board Fellowship Program

Financial Inclusion Equity Council

Financial Inclusion Week

Challenges and Crises

Enabling Environment

Financial Service Providers

Financial Technology

Trends

Webinar

Lately it seems that everyone wants in on sustainable, responsible impact investing (SRI). Encapsulating a broad swath of investment styles, from environmental, social, and governance (ESG) screening to shareholder resolutions and community investing, SRI has become the darling of the social impact community.

In the U.S. alone, over one-fifth of professionally-managed funds (held by institutional investors, money managers, and community investment institutions), or a total of $8.7 trillion, consider ESG factors. This figure is up from $6.57 trillion in 2014 according to the U.S. Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment (USSIF)’s <a href="https://www.ussif.org/trends">2016 SRI Investing Trends Report</a>. A much smaller proportion is in impact investments. According to the Global Impact Investing Network’s <a href="https://thegiin.org/knowledge/publication/annualsurvey2017">2017 Annual Impact Investor Survey</a>, which polls 209 institutional investors making impact investments, capital invested in impact investments rose by 17 percent last year from $22 billion to $26 billion.

While SRI growth trends are impressive, USSIF claims that the total potential market for professionally-managed assets in the U.S. could be as much as $40.3 trillion, an indication that there is still a great deal of room for SRI investing to grow. Three trends are especially encouraging: investing and a wider variety of investment vehicles are becoming more accessible to more people, community focused investments are one of the fastest-growing segments, and millennials are nudging investment managers toward SRI.

Expanding access through new investment vehicles: With the expansion of investors who offer SRI investments to include foundations, public funds, venture capital, community development financial institutions (CDFI), money managers and institutional investors, there has also been an increase in the types of investment products on offer. Individuals’ desire for greater control over their investments and variety of choice has resulted in a growing online investment platform landscape. Offerings such as <a href="https://www.openinvest.co/">OpenInvest</a> and <a href="https://www.swellinvesting.com/homepage">Swell</a> are focused solely on impact investments, providing investors the choice of SRI products from exchange traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, stocks, bonds, and index funds, and traditional platforms are beginning to offer their own impact investment products in order to compete. Many of these vehicles are open to individuals below the high net worth level.

Community impact investments are on the rise: It is an encouraging trend within SRI investing that community impact investments, which direct capital to underserved communities, are one of the fastest growing segments. (SRI investments held by institutional money managers is the other fast-growing category.) According to the USSIF, community investments by credit unions, CDFIs, and others doubled in just two years, from $64 billion in 2014 to $122 billion in 2016.

Community capital allows individuals and small business owners to appeal directly to potential funders for investment capital to pursue community-driven opportunities. <a href="https://investibule.co/">Investibule</a>, a B Corp that aggregates investment opportunities on a crowdfunding site, sees making these opportunities available for individual investors as a means to meet the growing interest in socially responsible investment while also plugging a funding gap for underserved communities and businesses.

One recent example is a partnership between the NAACP, YMCA, and Impact Shares (a nonprofit investment manager). In November 2017, the group <a href="http://www.naacp.org/latest/naacp-ywca-partner-impact-shares-investing-social-justice/">announced</a> the offering of two exchange traded funds (ETFs) in Chicago, one focused on investing in social justice and one focused on women. The Minority Empowerment ETF will invest in companies that empower minorities through their hiring and compensation practices, and the Women’s Empowerment ETF will invest in companies that promote the advancement of women and workplace equity.

Interest in sustainable investing is rising, especially among millennials: According to Morgan Stanley’s 2017 report, <a href="http://www.morganstanley.com/pub/content/dam/msdotcom/ideas/sustainable-signals/pdf/Sustainable_Signals_Whitepaper.pdf">Sustainable Signals: New Data from the Individual Investor</a>, 75 percent of individual investors are interested in pursuing investments that “aim to achieve market-rate financial returns while pursuing positive social and/or environmental impact.” This interest is even higher among millennials, with 86 percent interested in sustainable investing, and women, with 84 percent interested in sustainable investing – as compared to 67 percent of men.  As millennials stand to inherit from aging baby boomer parents, more investment capital will be in their hands, and this transfer of wealth, given their interest in SRI, has the power to nudge more institutional investors into sustainable investing. For example, employers offering 401(k)s and other retirement savings plans will need to consider that, according to Morgan Stanley, 90 percent of millennials would be interested in choosing sustainable investment as part of their 401(k), if it was an option, as compared to 72 percent of the total individual investor population.

Yet, despite these favorable trends, two challenges slow the pace of its growth.

Continuing belief that impact comes at the expense of financial returns. A <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20430795.2015.1118917">2015 study</a> by Deutsche Asset &amp; Wealth Management and Hamburg University found that across 2000 empirical studies on ESG performance, 90 percent show a positive correlation between ESG and corporate financial performance. Yet many Americans still hold the perception that investing based on ESG impact comes at the expense of financial gain. Fifty-nine percent of millennials surveyed for Morgan Stanley’s report consider sustainable investing to involve a financial trade-off, and that makes funds hesitant to emphasize impact. The recent announcement of the Rise of the Rest Fund, a seed fund to invest in small businesses across the U.S. outside the pockets of NYC and Silicon Valley, was quick to point out that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/business/dealbook/midwest-start-ups.html">its purpose</a> is financial performance not impact.

How to measure and what’s most important? Measuring the impact of SRI investments is tricky. A framework which measures investments in a way that fully captures social results alongside financial performance is still developing. Investors care about both market rate returns and impact, but with some types of investments and investors higher returns are not always the primary goal. A more nuanced system of measurement is required, based on the investors’ individual investment priorities, that also accommodates the diversity of investment offerings and definitions of what constitutes SRI (e.g., impact investment, shareholder resolution, or ESG screen).

What next? The SRI field is still evolving, yet the acceleration of investments into SRI and the increased interest by both individuals and institutional investors are encouraging. Hopefully, SRI investors will continue to listen to what investees are asking: provide more ways for individuals to invest in a variety of products and platforms; invest in women, minorities, small businesses and communities; and combat perception biases through more rigorous investment objectives and measurement.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/04/27/time-to-ditch-impact-investings-unproductive-self-analysis/">Time to Ditch Impact Investing's Unproductive Self Analysis</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/10/24/bridging-islamic-finance-and-impact-investing/">Bridging Islamic Finance and Impact Investing</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/03/22/how-water-org-took-a-leap-of-faith-into-social-impact-investing/">How Water.org Took a "Leap of Faith" into Social Impact Investing</a>

&nbsp;

Impact Where? Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) in the U.S.

United States

The words “offshore” and “tax-haven” are often taboo rhetoric within the investment space. In this paper, the Financial Inclusion Equity Council (FIEC), with support from CFI, explores why and how equity impact investors use offshore vehicles. Our findings reveal that offshore vehicles offer key operational, legal, tax and reputational advantages and are a key part of the impact investment landscape.

Through interviews with Financial Inclusion Equity Council (FIEC) members, we sought to better understand the scope of offshore usage in financial inclusion and the factors at play when impact investors select a fund domicile. Convenience, transparency and reputational advantages are among the strongest drivers for choosing to offshore. However, divergent views exist among FIEC members regarding the tax implications of offshore vehicles.
<h3>Major Findings</h3>
<ul>
 	<li>Impact investors have legitimate reasons for using offshore financial centers (OFCs)—and tax status is not the driving factor. The main factors for choosing OFCs include:
<ul>
 	<li>Administrative Efficiency: OFCs have the legal, financial and administrative infrastructure in place to facilitate investment.</li>
 	<li>Human Capital: Accordingly, OFCs have specialized staff on hand to manage investments, such as lawyers, accountants and auditors.</li>
 	<li>Reputation: OFCs are reputable vehicles in international investing, which helps to validate their use for financial inclusion.</li>
 	<li>Convenience: OFCs may serve as a neutral base for multiple investors. Favorable time zones, shared language and currency also add to their accessibility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
 	<li>Two divergent perspectives exist between North American and European investors regarding the tax implications of OFCs. The North American perspective prioritizes tax minimization for shareholders/investors, while the European perspective prioritizes paying their fair share of taxes to the offshore country.</li>
</ul>
Challenge your assumptions about offshore funds and learn more about how these financial instruments contribute to financial inclusion.


&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion

Report

<a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/offshore-financial-centers-for-financial-inclusion"><img class="alignright wp-image-23798" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/offshore.png" alt="" width="300" height="384" /></a>In the aftermath of the Panama Papers, the words “offshore” and “tax-haven” are often taboo rhetoric within the investment industry. Perhaps even more so in the impact investing space, where fund managers have both fiduciary and social responsibilities. The <a href="http://fiecouncil.com/">Financial Inclusion Equity Council</a> (FIEC; of which CFI is the secretariat) recently published the report <a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/offshore-financial-centers-for-financial-inclusion">Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion: A Marriage of Convenience</a> to better understand attitudes and practices when it comes to how equity impact investors use offshore financial centers (OFCs). To dive into this topic, CFI and consultants Daniel Rozas and Sam Mendelson interviewed FIEC members from the U.S. and Europe. Conversations resulted in varying opinions on the practice of using OFCs, with three key considerations for doing so: administrative efficiency, tax liabilities, and transparency and ethics.

Among all FIEC members interviewed, administrative efficiency was unanimously a primary driver in making the decision about where to domicile funds. Fund managers cited the importance of understanding local regulatory requirements, the presence of embassies, bank relationships, management facilities, remittance corridors, and convenience of location as important considerations in their decision. The reality is many low income offshore countries lack the infrastructure and capacity for supporting the administrative requirements of investments. Additionally, there are increasingly stringent AML/KYC requirements that disproportionately affect lower-income countries creating administrative burdens. The new CFI report states: “…this is at least one of the goals of using OFCs – not to avoid the regulators, but to outsource some of the reporting burden to entities that specialize in this service that have relationships to do it efficiently.”

When discussing OFCs, it’s impossible to not talk about tax liabilities, which is where opinions of North American and European FIEC investors were strikingly different. It comes down to a difference in philosophy on paying taxes. Most European investors interviewed emphasized the positive impact of taxes paid to support local infrastructure and economy. While across the Atlantic, the U.S. investor’s perspective is more focused on the investor and investee. Taxes are seen as burdensome that get in the way of “the primary objective – social investments to benefit the end-client.” The view is that tax treaties are in place for a reason and investors have a fiduciary responsibility to their investors. Doing otherwise would reduce funds available to their investees.

While OFCs might seem unethical as a means to reduce tax, all investors interviewed were aligned on the importance of transparency. There is no interest in hiding operations. This includes transparency to the target country, to the source country and to their public reputation. Efforts have been made in recent years to disincentivize countries from offering unclear banking services. Industry associations like the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) work with governments to promote policies that improve economic and social standards through transparency.

A few weeks ago FIEC members met in Copenhagen for an annual meeting to discuss topics like this and other questions challenging the impact investing space. The group conversation about offshore incorporation was less polarizing than the previously-received feedback of individual interviews with members, who felt the Atlantic divide about tax justification was overstated in the paper.

Everyone agreed this is an area that is misunderstood, and that investors should aim for a structure that supports paying an appropriate amount of taxes. This means avoiding double taxation, while responsibly paying the fair share. There was less importance attributed in the conversation to deciding where to domicile and more emphasis on assessing the character of who to invest with.

Debates about OFCs and taxes will become increasingly interesting as more impact funds exit their investments and consider how to do so responsibly, a topic CFI has <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2014/02/05/the-art-of-the-responsible-exit-in-microfinance-equity-sales/">already explored</a> and will continue to dig into this year.

For more, read <a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/offshore-financial-centers-for-financial-inclusion">Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion</a>.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/05/11/fintech-in-microfinance-in-search-of-the-high-tech-high-touch-unicorn/">Fintech in Microfinance: In Search of the High-Tech High-Touch Unicorn?</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/03/17/whats-responsible-about-impact-investing-exits/">What's "Responsible" about Impact Investing Exits?
</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/01/26/a-tale-of-four-ipos-is-public-investment-in-microfinance-becoming-ok-again/">A Tale of Four IPOs: Is Public Investment in Microfinance Becoming OK Again?</a>

Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion: An Aligned Industry or Oceans Apart?

Europe and Central Asia

Since 1992, when Accion created BancoSol in Bolivia, the first private commercial bank dedicated to microfinance, Accion’s aim has been to create a financially inclusive world, primarily through building financial institutions that serve the base of the pyramid. Accion has contributed to the birth, growth, or strengthening of 66 microfinance institutions in 34 countries, which together serve millions of clients with a broad array of financial services.

Through the years, Accion has gradually evolved its own unique microfinance institution partnership model. I recently spoke with Michael Schlein, Accion’s president and CEO, Esteban Altschul, chief operating officer, and John Fischer, chief investment officer. I asked them how and why Accion’s model for working with microfinance partners has taken its current form, and what has been learned along the way.

Michael Schlein said that the starting premise for Accion’s model was, “the recognition that charity – though very important – is insufficient to the task of building a financially inclusive world. You have to tap the capital markets.” As a non-profit organization originating in the international development arena, this premise set Accion onto a path that was “disruptive” in the 1990s, though it is widely adapted today in the impact investing movement.

The model assembles private investors around the common purpose to build a healthy and profitable financial institution that can grow and provide services over time. To succeed for investors, it must produce adequate financial returns and an exit path so the returns can be realized. To succeed for Accion’s mission it must result in quality financial services for people who would otherwise be excluded. Accion also looks for a demonstration effect. When business success inspires others to enter the market and thus creates an industry, that’s how Accion’s broader vision advances.

What has now crystalized is a model of partnership in which a web of incentives meets the needs of each organization involved, aligns all the players behind the mission, and elicits strong performance from each partner – including Accion itself.

Here’s how it operates.

The tools are common enough: equity investment, governance, management services, and technical assistance; but the key is how they are assembled into a mutually reinforcing package. Accion’s ideal model couples a significant minority equity investment and seat on the board with secondment of one or more Accion staff members to a senior management position, supplemented by technical assistance on special topics, from credit scoring to crisis management. As Schlein remarked, “It is not rocket science to realize that we can have greater impact when we provide services as a package. Each part of the puzzle significantly strengthens the others and our impact overall.”

As a shareholder, Accion has a financial stake that aligns it with other investors and requires that Accion takes financial returns seriously. Management services allow Accion to give the institution the technical know-how it needs, particularly in the early years. Its day-to-day inside presence, coupled with active shareholding, gives investors confidence in the institution’s future. And with this package, Accion can invest in institutions with capacity gaps that might not otherwise attract investors – and strengthen them.

Accion also relies on agile donated resources devoted to sharpening and expanding technical knowledge, pushing into marginal markets and client segments, and contributing to industry strengthening, among other purposes.

The cornerstone of Accion’s model, and its most unique feature, is the decision to take a significant minority stake, typically between 20 and 40 percent. This level of ownership gives Accion a leading but not exclusively dominant voice in the boardroom, which management and technical services reinforce. As Fischer said, “We prefer to influence others rather than to direct them. We like the situation in which Accion is first among equals, but with no one party able to call the shots.”

If you’re going to be a minority shareholder, you’d better be choosy about your co-investors. “We choose investors we admire,” says Schlein, and Fischer explains, “We want to have a diversified shareholder group of generally like-minded investors with a fairly long term horizon.”

Ideally, there are local or regional investors to whom the institution can be ceded over time. It’s not easy to find a local partner with the right combination of outlook, mission, and competence, especially in frontier markets. When it first began investing, in the 1990s, the local partners were non-profits created in concert with local businessmen. These NGOs started microfinance operations, then spun them off to become regulated financial institutions. Such were the origins of BancoSol in Bolivia, Mibanco in Peru, and Compartamos in Mexico, which were long Accion’s flagship banks. More recently, local owners include individual promoters like entrepreneur Veena Mankar, founder of Swadhaar in India, or banks like Ecobank, a partner in Accion Microfinance Bank Nigeria. Strong local partners know the culture and business environment, can rally local funds, and have standing in discussions with regulators.

The non-local shareholders in the mix also add value. They are often international investors that share Accion’s double bottom line, though purely commercial investors are sometimes involved. At Accion Microfinance Bank Nigeria, for example, the shareholders include IFC, a multilateral bank, Citi, a global bank, Ecobank, a regional bank, and Zenith, a local bank. A multilateral like IFC in a risky environment like Nigeria provides a quasi-official presence that can be of great value in solving regulatory and government relations problems. Major international shareholders like Citi bring global connections, resources, and prestige.

These investors sign up with Accion because they do not wish, or are not equipped, “to play a leadership role in terms of strategic direction,” said Altschul. “Just being an investor is an easier business model. More institutions can readily do that.”

If international investors sign up because they want Accion to lead, I asked, why doesn’t Accion go for majority ownership and let the other investors be passive?

“The other investors are there to hold us accountable for doing a good job. They provide a check on our ability to do whatever we want,” said Fischer. Altschul noted that if Accion were to become an owner-operator – the path ProCredit, Access Holdings, and Finca have taken – it would require retooling the organization to focus single-mindedly on operations. Altschul believes that the demands of running organizations require an all-absorbing and fairly inward focus that is at odds with Accion’s broader aims of developing a socially-beneficial industry. By engaging in partnerships with various organizations and co-investors Accion can spread its knowledge and promote its mission with a broader and lighter touch than if it were an owner-operator.

Ultimately, it’s healthy to have multiple voices at the table. “When you are in the majority,” said Altschul, “you only hear yourself speak.” In fact, Accion experimented with full control when it launched a new microfinance institution in Manaus, Brazil, an effort that encountered serious problems. “It’s good to have the other voices. To challenge, to question assumptions,” said Fischer.

The intent to leave the institution in local or regional hands puts exit on the horizon from the start, and exit is, of course, necessary for investors. “Exits are important as a mindset,” said Altschul. “In the back of your mind you are always thinking of an exit, whether in eight or fifteen years.” Fischer maintained that the idea of exiting to owners that will carry the mission forward focuses attention on long term institutional health rather than short term results. It’s different, he noted, from the “greater fool theory” of exit whereby the seller has no stake in the company’s future. If Accion leaves behind a poorly performing institution, its mission is compromised, as is its reputation with the global community of investors in microfinance.

Building institutions takes longer than the relatively short time horizon of most development projects and many commercial investors, and this is another way Accion’s non-profit status makes a difference. Most relationships last for at least 10 years, and unlike many investors, Accion can adjust its exit horizon as events demand. Accion has often chosen to allow its holdings to be reduced over time as institutions mature, rather than exiting entirely. For example, it currently holds less than 3 percent of Banco Compartamos. Accion shifts gradually from its early leadership position into a less intensive relationship in which it focuses on upholding the mission, ensuring that the institution has access to the latest know-how, and backing the institution in the event of problems.

Schlein emphasized that the dynamic aspect of the model is important to stakeholders. “Investors like to invest with us because we’re inside and we understand the relevance of exit. Local partners appreciate how we roll up our sleeves, add value, and then leave. And donors value the way we redeploy resources to where they can have the greatest impact.”

Over the years, Accion’s staff has developed an internal culture of ownership in which governance is the lynchpin. Accion takes governance very seriously. “In the early years, our board members are likely to be our own staff, but as the institution matures, we lean toward strong, independent board representatives,” commented Schlein. Governance is especially important because financial institutions are naturally prone to conflicts of interest and related party transactions, both of which are minimized by the transparency demanded in a multi-voiced partnership.

The value of any model is perhaps best demonstrated in times of stress, like the crisis that erupted in Nicaragua’s microfinance sector in 2009. Accion’s partner, FAMA, was a relatively mature organization with little day-to-day need for Accion technical support. But when Nicaragua’s populist government encouraged non-payment of microloans, defaults soared across the sector, and access to funding disappeared. The largest microlender, Banex, went under, and FAMA, with 17 percent of its portfolio at risk, was in danger of collapse if it could not raise funds. Accion stepped in with a $1 million loan and intensive technical assistance. Accion and FAMA’s local management worked zealously to secure funding from the other creditors. When Accion combined its own money with direct operational engagement, it sent a more powerful and convincing signal to other investors than with either intervention alone. As lead international shareholder, Accion and local management organized the other investors and crafted a turnaround plan. Since then, FAMA has recovered nicely and is once again a healthy institution with three straight years of growth and a portfolio at risk just under 2 percent.

In contrast, Banex, which lacked a similar international anchor, succumbed with its investors in disarray (see the Harvard Business School case on Banex). Accion’s credibility stemmed directly from its model: when the investors opted in, they were counting on Accion to protect its own financial, reputational, and mission concerns.

And this, in brief, is the crux of Accion’s model. It puts Accion in a position in which it has financial and reputational resources at stake that can only be protected if Accion does its job well, subjects its decisions to scrutiny by others, and maintains cooperative partnerships. That, essentially, is its pitch to partners: if you invest beside us, you can count on Accion doing its utmost – with you – to help the organization succeed.

On paper, Accion’s model may sound easy. It isn’t. Being just an investor is easier. Providing technical services without ownership is easier. Being a majority owner may not be easier, but it does not draw in other players. Partnerships that nurture institutions to stand on their own require skill, finesse, wisdom, and plain hard work. It’s not just the money, though that provides “skin in the game”. It’s not just the board seat, though that is the key strategic leverage point. And it’s not just the management and technical services, though that adds development impact. It’s deploying all of these elements in a dynamic dance with other players that enables Accion to pursue its mission.

Image credit: <a href="http://www.accion.org/">Accion</a>

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/02/12/base-of-the-pyramid-savings-among-accion-partners-some-news-is-bad-and-some-is-good/">Base-of-the-Pyramid Savings Among Accion Partners - Some News Is Bad and Some Is Good</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/01/05/five-lessons-for-building-savings-in-latin-american-microfinance/">Five Lessons for Building Savings in Latin American Microfinance</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/12/03/strengthening-governance-in-africa-accions-africa-board-fellowship-paves-the-way/">Strengthening Governance in Africa: Accion's Africa Board Fellowship Paves the Way</a>

A Conversation on Accion’s Model

&gt; Posted by Andrew Fixler, Associate, CFI

[getty src="157518792?et=3ngTRP4YRw1ZszFQ-4ERIA&amp;sig=j_5SOUlncPnYjd_Dp3cj99MRZN00naKPQGW3eZTebEA=&amp;caption=true" width="594" height="396"]

Inclusive financial services in Africa are blooming. Between the turn of the millennium and 2011, the number of African MFIs reporting to the MIX increased from 58 to 397. From 2000 to 2014, the gross loan portfolio expanded over tenfold to $6 billion. Between 2003 and 2009, the number of borrowers served by MFIs in Africa increased from 1.6 million to 8.5 million. These numbers represent the development of an economic development tool for economies with very small financial sectors. It is impressive progress for an undeveloped industry beset by sparse human capital, problematic governance, and minimal external commercial interest.

AfriCap, which was the first private equity fund to invest exclusively in African microfinance institutions, and other microfinance investment vehicles (MIVs) funded by social investors have been a key growth factor through capitalizing MFIs and offering technical assistance and training. This interest is relatively new. The African MIV portfolio grew at an average annual rate of <a href="http://www.microrate.com/media/downloads/2013/11/MicroRate-The-State-of-Microfinance-Investment-2013.pdf">36 percent</a> between 2006 and 2013. This compares with an average growth of 38 percent for investments in the Latin America &amp; Caribbean region since 2006, and 8 percent in both the Middle East &amp; North Africa and South East Asia regions. The strong connection between MIV financing and microfinance sector growth was also noted in a World Bank paper, <a href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/09/15/000158349_20140915084416/Rendered/PDF/WPS7029.pdf">Benchmarking the Financial Performance, Growth, and Outreach of Greenfield Microfinance Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The paper, released in 2014, explains the relevance of greenfield MFIs to effecting financial inclusion in undeveloped financial markets. These institutions are financed in large part by equity and debt from development finance institutions, as well as a now-significant cohort of MIVs.

African MFIs are attracting palpable interest from investors with a double bottom line. At the most recent meeting of the Financial Inclusion Equity Council (<a href="http://fiecouncil.com/">FIEC</a>) in Zurich, social equity financers, many of whom represent the expanded cohort of Africa investors, noted that there is strong interest to invest in Africa, which is seen as ripe for social impact investment, with potentially “eye watering” multiples.

Of course, the risks vary widely by country, warranting a cautious attitude and deep consideration before money can be smartly invested (a point well noted by the FIEC meeting attendees), as shown by the cautionary lessons of some of AfriCap’s more aggressive deals. AfriCap merits recognition as a pioneering microfinance investment vehicle that helped demonstrate the dynamism and investment-worthiness of the African microfinance sector. Although fund performance did not meet the hopes of its protagonists (investors who stayed with the fund from inception until 2014 realized an internal rate of return (IRR) of 1 percent), AfriCap’s legacy as part of the “cracking” of the capital markets for the African microfinance industry is significant. AfriCap formed with a challenging mission: “to support the commercialization of the microfinance industry by bridging the transition from a sector traditionally funded by donors to a scenario where the leading MFIs were raising most of their funds from commercial sources.”

AfriCap set out to fulfill its mission by building the capacity of self-sustaining microfinance institutions. In the face of a shortage of trained finance professionals, it consciously sought to bring on and develop local management, to infuse startups and established institutions with capital, and to add value to investees through technical assistance. From its founding in 2001 through its 2014 wind-down, AfriCap made equity and debt investments in 21 African MFIs. Among AfriCap’s investments were both incredible successes and complete write-offs. Over half of all investments failed to recover their direct costs, due in part to gaps in AfriCap’s own governance mechanisms to mitigate the risks inherent in the fund’s mission. Although the ultimate IRR was relatively modest, the fund demonstrated that among the range of institutions in Africa, good investments could be found and nurtured.

A soon-to-be-released study by <a href="http://www.grassrootscap.com/" target="_blank">Grassroots Capital Management</a> focuses on the role governance played in the AfriCap fund’s successes and failures, while recounting the fund’s many challenges and its ultimate accomplishment. The pivotal role of the board in governance, and the board’s lead responsibility for such critical matters as strategy, risk control, and management selection and succession, feature prominently in the study.

The successful investments among AfriCap’s portfolio provide a lasting testament to the potential of African MFIs, and contributed both directly and indirectly to the tenfold increase in the total African microfinance portfolio quoted above. The fund’s impact extended beyond direct effects of its investments to the signals it sent on the investment-worthiness of African microfinance markets. By investing in diverse countries, rather than only traditional targets such as Kenya, South Africa, and Nigeria, AfriCap reached beyond the “low-hanging fruit”, and demonstrated the investment-worthiness of MFIs across many countries.

Altogether, AfriCap’s results illustrate the opportunity for success in African microfinance investing. The story of AfriCap also illustrates the inherent risks of financing a diverse range of institutions, from startups to well-established companies that, when not contended with, can lead to portfolio losses.

To learn more about AfriCap’s governance challenges, and current scholarship on governance best practices, stay tuned for the Grassroots AfriCap case study to be released later this month.

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/02/10/microfinance-equity-investing-different-context-similar-issues/" target="_blank">Microfinance Equity Investing: Different Context, Similar Issues</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/08/08/growth-makes-governance-more-critical-in-sub-saharan-africa/" target="_blank">Growth Makes Governance More Critical in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/12/09/rajans-revolution-and-modis-microfinance-mojo/" target="_blank">Rajan's Revolution and Modi's Microfinance Mojo</a>

African Microfinance’s Dynamic Growth and the Story of AfriCap

Switzerland

Microfinance

Risk Management

As the microfinance industry matures, a question that has come into sharper focus is how social investors committed to advancing responsible finance practices should “exit responsibly” from the microfinance institutions (MFIs) in which they have invested over the years. As they prepare to sell their stakes, what options do development-minded investors have to help ensure responsible behavior by their partner MFI into the future and healthy development of the broader market?

In this paper the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion (CFI) and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) seek to spark discussion among the stakeholders working to advance financial inclusion and in particular the investor community that will result in greater clarity around the goal of responsible exits and the policies and practices that would support it.

The Art of the Responsible Exit in Microfinance Equity Sales

CGAP

Responsible Exit

The <a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/programs-a-projects/investing-in-inclusive-finance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Investing in Inclusive Finance</a> program at the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion explores the practices of investors in inclusive finance. Across areas including risk, governance, stakeholder alignment, and fund management, this blog series highlights what’s being done to help the industry better utilize private capital to develop financial institutions that incorporate social aims.

When you think about responsible investing, what comes to mind? Finding investment prospects that can deliver social returns? Perhaps diligent monitoring, with an eye to effective governance? How about when you sell an investment? How can investors remain committed to balanced social and financial goals when passing the baton to someone else?

This last question is the focus of a joint project by the Center for Financial Inclusion and CGAP. With several microfinance equity funds approaching maturity, the issue of equity sales is becoming more relevant, and as part of the project, the team has been interviewing many equity investors to understand how they perceive the question of what, exactly, is a responsible exit? A paper detailing the findings of these interviews, The Art of the Responsible Exit in Microfinance Equity Sales, will be released in the coming weeks.

In the course of these interviews, many respondents used the analogy of children growing up. As early-stage or founding investors, they reach a certain point where they have fulfilled their "parental" mission and are no longer best-positioned to provide the MFI what it needs, be it capital, expertise, or market access. From the investor's perspective, the analogy works. But selling an MFI is less an act of entrusting your child's future to his or her own good sense, along with whatever wisdom you've been able to impart – you are handing the MFI over to somebody else.

Indeed, the better analogy might be that of an arranged marriage: you hire a matchmaker (M&amp;A specialist) to help find a suitor (buyer); you meet with the suitor to find out who he is and what he has done in the past (due diligence); maybe if you're a responsible parent (investor), you ask your daughter (MFI management) for her opinion. All along, you are nagged by one important question – is this a suitable match for my daughter?

Unsurprisingly, buyer selection is a major part of social investors' focus during the process and is seen as the most important way to assure continued attention to the double bottom line. However, investors have a few additional options at their disposal to insure that buyers will stick to their promises and will not lead the MFI away from its primary mission. The most common among these is simply selling a minority stake, relying on other like-minded investors to provide continuity of governance. In one case, a seller included one year employment contracts for key MFI management as part of the sale agreement, thus assuring at least temporary continuity in MFI operations. Several investors incorporated specific commitments to the MFI's social mission and to client protection principles in the shareholder agreement, thus binding the buyer to some degree. Yet another investor was seeking to structure a minority stake with veto power over key institutional decisions, as a means of retaining post-sale control.

Each of these is an interesting exercise in insuring at least some level of continuity or control, even if the suitor turns out to be a dud. However, one institution figured out a way to bypass the process altogether. From the start, it was built on an unusual evergreen governance structure that assured that this commercial enterprise would stick to its social mission. Its initial charter insured that no single investor would have a controlling stake, and gave its board – composed of majority independent directors – veto power over any acquisition that would give a single investor a controlling stake. In effect, the structure gives a purchasing investor a share of the company's assets and earnings, while leaving governance largely outside investor hands. And thus far, this MFI has been highly successful. In effect, the institution rendered the arranged marriage – or any marriage – unnecessary, by choosing to remain single and independent.

Which MFI is this, and how exactly does its governance structure function? And what are the other relevant lessons to investors seeking to sell their equity responsibly? Stay tuned for The Art of the Responsible Exit in Microfinance Equity Sales.

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/09/23/a-204-million-leap-for-financial-inclusion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A $204 Million Leap for Financial Inclusion</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/03/29/six-to-dos-now-for-responsible-investors/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Six To-Dos Now for Responsible Investors</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/07/23/a-journey-to-understanding-risk-as-a-new-board-director-in-governing-banks-mfi-edition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Journey to Understanding Risk as a New Board Director in "Governing Banks: MFI Edition"</a>

&nbsp;

&gt; Posted by Danielle Piskadlo, Senior Program Specialist, CFI

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/category/investing-in-inclusive-finance/" target="_blank" rel="attachment wp-att-9676"><img class="alignright" style="border:0" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/untitled2.jpg" width="310" height="54" /></a>The <a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/programs-a-projects/investing-in-inclusive-finance" target="_blank">Investing in Inclusive Finance</a> program at the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion explores the practices of investors in inclusive finance. Across areas including risk, governance, stakeholder alignment, and fund management, this blog series highlights what’s being done to help the industry better utilize private capital to develop financial institutions that incorporate social aims.

In 2003, the Council of Microfinance Equity Funds (<a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/programs-a-projects/investing-in-inclusive-finance/financial-inclusion-equity-council" target="_blank">CMEF</a>) was formed by a handful of equity investors in microfinance with the goal of sharing, developing, and disseminating industry best practices in equity investing.

I recently had the pleasure of catching up with Jim Kaddaras, who was Vice President of Special Projects at Accion from 2001-2003. He was instrumental in launching the CMEF in 2003, and also led the charge on the creation of Accion Investments. Jim is now a Partner at Developing World Markets, and is still a Council member.

Q: What did the landscape of microfinance equity investing look like in 2003?  

Jim Kaddaras: It wasn’t much of a landscape – it was more of a scatter shot.

Accion owned stakes in some of their Latin American affiliates and Accion Investments was just launching in 2003. Procredit was a player (they were called IPC back then and their banks had separate names). FINCA had some equity investments and ShoreBank had a smattering of equity holdings.

ProFund had been around since 1995 as the first investment company focused on microfinance equity but it was winding up when the Council started. Africap was just starting, based on the ProFund model. Various other Council members, plus the development finance institutions (DFIs) and several non-profit networks, held a handful of equity investments.

Q: What was the goal of the Council when it was formed?

JK: We felt that by gathering people who had been making equity investments in a one-off way, we could help to develop and disseminate best practices in the field.

Q: Who were the Council members in the early days?  

JK: I believe the founding members were Accion, Oikocredit, Doen Foundation, ProFund, ShoreBank, and Triodos. Other early members were Africap, Andromeda Fund, Calvert Foundation, Citigroup, DID, Deutsche Bank, Open Society Institute, Opportunity, SARONA, SIDI.

Calmeadow in Toronto was also present at the creation. Its founder, Martin Connell, was a Canadian businessman who wanted to do something social and funded a lot of early studies and research.

Q: Where was the first Council meeting? What topics were discussed?

JK: An early meeting was hosted by Oikocredit at their office in Amersfoort, in the Netherlands. The first couple of meetings were focused on getting organized as a Council, discussing who else should be invited to join the Council, and building consensus around the idea of having members pay dues, which was a very controversial topic at the time.

In those early meetings we also focused on setting out the lay of the land as it currently stood so everyone was starting from the same vantage point. And we discussed what type of research and writing the Council should focus on.

Council members represented much smaller organizations back then and we faced issues of how, given our limited capacity, we would cover the world and provide help to MFIs far away. We discussed ways to provide more effective governance in an efficient manner and debated the use of head office staff vs. trusted local directors to serve on boards. We explored the potential for sharing directors among investors in joint investments, and discussed how best to execute this concept of “piggy-backing” off of like-minded investors.

<a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/publications-a-resources/browse-publications/93-characteristics-of-equity-investment-in-microfinance-a-report-by-the-council-of-microfinance-equity-funds"><img class="alignright wp-image-13906" style="border:1px solid black" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/cmef.png" width="215" /></a>Q: What were some of the early CMEF publications?

JK: The first Council publication was the <a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/publications-a-resources/browse-publications/93-characteristics-of-equity-investment-in-microfinance-a-report-by-the-council-of-microfinance-equity-funds" target="_blank">Characteristics of Equity Investments in Microfinance</a>, which I co-authored with Beth Rhyne. This report looked at where equity investments were in microfinance by region and country, and so tried to quantify and describe the investment landscape in microfinance. The report also examined the role investors were playing at the time – were they active on boards or passive?

The report also focused on effective corporate governance. It focused on how boards should be organized, which committees were important and why, and how to strike the proper balance in terms of a relationship between governance and management—that is, how to ensure that the power wasn’t tilted too much in one direction or the other so the board was in charge of overall strategy and direction, and management was in charge of executing that strategy and managing day-to-day operations.

Q: What were some of the controversial topics when the Council started?

JK: The Council was made up of pretty like-minded investors so there weren’t too many controversial topics among members. But one of the big issues we discussed was what to do when you didn’t have like-minded investors on the board.

All of the Council members at the time were convinced that there should be a double-bottom line and everyone investing was trying to build the field, so making money was not the leading concern. Over time, it was recognized that to build the field, we had to draw other investors in, and to do that, we had to be able to offer a reasonable return. It seems now that some investors feel the social mission can be subordinated to financial returns, but that didn’t exist back then.

We, as equity investors, were also concerned about the role of NGOs in institutions that had transformed from an NGO into a for-profit entity. Often, the non-profit entity would get most of the shares of the for-profit entity in exchange for the microfinance operations it had previously housed, and we struggled with the issue of an NGO keeping up with the capital needs of a growing MFI. Sometimes the original NGO can act as a brake on the growth of the institution, and this is especially true when a strong founder is involved. It can be hard for the founder to let go of his or her “child.” It isn’t always easy from an investor perspective for the founders to be involved. Sometimes the NGO ends up with diluted shares as a minority stakeholder but there can still be complications (i.e. the NGO requires special rights associated with its shares). An NGO refusing to let go can drag the MFI down.

Now, much more diverse shareholdings make it more challenging to have like-minded investors on the board. It used to be like a family sitting at the table and now, sometimes there are strangers.

Q: Looking forward, what do you think will be important issues for the Council to tackle in the future?

JK: The Council has done the industry a great service in terms of supporting pioneer investors and drawing new investors into the field. Now, the Council’s most valuable contribution will be in continuing to promote the best practices in corporate governance, and in striking the optimal balance between the social mission and financial returns.

It will be important for the Council to help shape where MFIs end up at the end of the day. Is the future of MFIs to become part of the mainstream banking system, or will they continue to operate separately as specialized institutions?

The Council should also focus on keeping the social mission of the MFI. How can we ensure this social mission remains – or is our job as social equity investors in microfinance essentially now done and we should move on to other things?

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/09/23/a-204-million-leap-for-financial-inclusion/" target="_blank">A $204 Million Leap for Financial Inclusion</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/03/29/six-to-dos-now-for-responsible-investors/" target="_blank">Six To-Dos Now for Responsible Investors</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/07/23/a-journey-to-understanding-risk-as-a-new-board-director-in-governing-banks-mfi-edition/" target="_blank">A Journey to Understanding Risk as a New Board Director in "Governing Banks: MFI Edition"</a>

Microfinance Equity Investing: The Early Days of CMEF

Deborah Drake

Vice President, Investing in Inclusive Finance Program

Amanda Epting

Daniel Rozas

Danielle Piskadlo

Elisabeth Rhyne

Lizzy Bolze

Sam Mendelson

Governance

Valuation

Andrew Fixler

Philip M

This annual Global Microfinance Equity Valuation Survey, published jointly by CGAP and J.P. Morgan, provides benchmarks for the valuation of microfinance equity, to promote market transparency and identify industry trends. It examines the landscape of private equity (PE) deals and valuation trends in the public market for Lower Income Finance Institutions (LIFIs) in developing countries.

&nbsp;

Volume Growth and Valuation Contraction

This study is the second update of the original 2004 CMEF study, Characteristics of Equity Investment in Microfinance and seeks to illustrate the changes in growth, expansion and maturity of the commercial microfinance industry between 2005 and 2008. The study quantifies the explosive organic growth, particularly in Asia, in terms of equity, assets, number of borrowers and depositors in the industry.

This study further highlights structural changes in the industry. First, there is a general trend of mean reversion of leverage. That is, as the industry matures, higher levered regions are deleveraging versus lower levered regions. Second, there is evidence that greater financial intermediation is taking place. Microfinance institutions (MFIs), especially in the African region, are clearly using deposits as a way to fund their loans. Third, using the Herfindahl equation, we were able to see concentration effects, particular in high growth regions such as India and Africa. This has clear impacts on competition and ultimately on the interest rates charged. Fourth, we developed an alternative risk ratio to better illustrate the effectiveness with which MFIs are managing their portfolio risk. We see that although Africa has traditionally had the highest PAR-30 ratios, African MFIs are managing their risk prudently from a historical perspective. Asia fares much worse with this kind of metric. Fifth, we do a simple Dupont breakdown of return on equity (ROE) in order to ascertain the main drivers of profitability between 2005 and 2008. Profit margin determined the greatest percentage of variability in return on equity between MFIs. This dependence has clear implications in terms of what type of investor will succeed in the MFI industry. Finally, we present an update on the ownership structure of characteristic MFIs. We see evidence of acceleration in transformations, an increased willingness of local capital to fund MFIs, and a continued effort by NGOs to divest their original holdings.

Equity Investing

Meet the Experts

Deborah Drake

Filter

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The Future of Impact Investing: CFI’s Take on Dueling Views

Webinar: Disruptive Technologies Advancing Financial Inclusion

Impact Where? Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) in the U.S.

Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion

Offshore Financial Centers for Financial Inclusion: An Aligned Industry or Oceans Apart?

A Conversation on Accion’s Model

African Microfinance’s Dynamic Growth and the Story of AfriCap

The Art of the Responsible Exit in Microfinance Equity Sales

The Art of the Responsible Exit in Microfinance Equity Sales

Microfinance Equity Investing: The Early Days of CMEF

Volume Growth and Valuation Contraction

The Growth in Commercial Microfinance: 2005-2008