Lauren Hendricks of the Grameen Foundation recently spent time at the Bidi Bidi camp. Below are her reflections.

The Bidi Bidi refugee camp, in northwestern Uganda, is the largest refugee settlement in the country, and the second-largest refugee camp in the world, hosting 220,000 refugees who have fled the devastation and humanitarian crisis of the protracted civil war in South Sudan. In contrast to long-established refugee settlements elsewhere in the country, the inhabitants of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/19/inside-world-largest-refugee-camp-uganda-south-sudan-civil-war">Bidi Bidi</a> are newcomers: all of them have arrived since the 2016 “<a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-finding-way-forward-after-july-2016-crisis">July Crisis</a>” in South Sudan.

Because of the long-term stability, favorable policy and social environment, and freedom of movement in Uganda, the majority of refugees in more established camps are either already engaging in small businesses or would like to start one (a recent World Bank study cited that 72 percent of refugees are operating some sort of micro or agri-business.) But at Bidi Bidi, the relationships and arrangements among people that create an active economy have not had time to develop, and economic activity remains low. These refugees arrived with literally just the clothes on their back and the few assets they could carry, and are to a greater extent than most refugees in Uganda, still struggling to establish themselves and supplement the limited support NGOs and the UN can provide.

However, there is a potential game changer: mobile phones and mobile money are widely available, and they hold enormous potential for generating economic activity. <a href="https://grameenfoundation.org/where-we-work/sub-saharan-africa">Grameen Foundation</a> is working with <a href="https://www.gsma.com/r/mobileeconomy/sub-saharan-africa/">GSMA</a> (the association of mobile network operators) to develop ways to increase financial inclusion among the refugees. In my visit to Bidi Bidi to consider how mobile money could help kick start the camp economy activity, I found many possibilities.

The challenge is to make it easier for people to make payments. Right now, many people receive transfers from abroad and from relief agencies via mobile money. In order to use this money for purchases, they either need to find an agent who can cash it out or a merchant who accepts mobile payments. Both are in extremely short supply in Bidi Bidi. Currently when refugees receive transfers from abroad, or from relief agencies, it can take up to a week to find an agent with liquidity. The camp has only 17 agents for over 200,000 people. To reach the ideal penetration ratio of 1,000 to 1 it would need ten times as many agents.

Our work has shown that a focus on female agents will pay off, especially because a majority of the refugees are in women-headed families. Increasing the number of agents cannot be done all at once, however. Currently, agents report an average of 20-30 transactions per day, which does not suggest an overwhelming demand. The pace of recruitment of new agents would need to track the development of the payments and transfer ecosystem within the camps.
<blockquote>A focus on female agents will pay off, especially because a majority of the refugees are in women-headed families.</blockquote>
Equally important is acceptance of mobile money payments by local merchants, which will allow refugees to use mobile money to purchase food and essential goods. Currently, merchants in the camps accept only cash. When refugees cannot turn their relief and transfer payments into purchases, they face severe delays in access to food and essentials. Many merchants believe that accepting mobile money is expensive, but new products are on offer that reduce fees significantly.

Another supporting element for creating an active payments ecosystem is to attract a "super agent," such as a microfinance institution (MFI) or bank that can help agents and merchants balance their liquidity, an essential function. One possibility is <a href="https://rufimfi.com/">RUFI</a>, a unique MFI founded by South Sudanese refugees in 2009 and working on both sides of the South Sudan-Uganda border, and the only microfinance institution serving refugees in Bidi Bidi. RUFI is also an agent for Centenary Bank, offering savings and other services. Currently RUFI’s nearest office is over 30 kilometers away, a significant distance barrier for refugees. By locating in Bidi Bidi and becoming a super agent for mobile money, RUFI could not only help manage agent liquidity, it could also get to know agents and merchants that could become credit clients, and move its own credit and savings transactions to digital form. This would position it well to develop a loan product to help <a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/refugee-entrepreneurs-boost-host-communities">female entrepreneurs</a> finance the capital needed to become agents.
<blockquote>A super agent can help agents and merchants balance their liquidity and get to know potential clients.</blockquote>
Reports by <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiJh6D2mPjiAhXqqFkKHRNtDvAQFjAAegQIAxAC&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uncdf.org%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2F127%2F6633%2Fuganda-refugee-remittances-assessment-report0620v3pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw1uX4vhWZodJZ-OcUtUJAML">UNCDF</a>, DCA, and Platform for Inclusive Finance indicate that informal savings groups are active in Bidi Bidi settlement, though estimates range widely regarding how many adults participate (from 11 to 49 percent, depending on the report). Working with savings groups could be an effective way to increase digital financial literacy among refugees, increasing their comfort with digital payments. One of the appeals of digital money is its security, and savings groups may be looking for ways to secure their pooled resources, given security issues within the settlement. Encouraging savings groups and their members to use mobile money would help develop the market for mobile money which in turn is needed to support an agent network.

With steps like these, the economy can slowly begin to rev up, providing benefits to all the residents of Bidi Bidi.

A Ugandan Refugee Camp Hosts Potential for Financial Inclusion

South Sudan

Sub-Saharan Africa

Uganda

Agent Banking

Delivery Channels

Mobile Banking

Payments

Refugees and Migrants

Underserved Groups

Blog Post

This <a href="http://www.findevgateway.org/">FinDev Gateway</a> blog repost is part of the series "<a href="http://findevgateway.org/blog-series/getting-inclusion-right-fiw-2018">Getting Inclusion Right: Financial Inclusion Week 2018</a>."

“I attended six vocational trainings including cooking, make-up, how to make soap and hairdressing. But in the end I couldn’t work as I couldn’t buy the necessary equipment. Not even scissors for cutting my son’s hair.”

This testimony came from a Syrian woman at Zaatari Camp in Jordan. She is one of over 200 refugees interviewed in Jordan and Uganda as part of a market study commissioned by Grameen Credit Agricole Foundation and conducted by the consulting firm Microfinanza. The studies, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), are the first step in the implementation of a joint program between Sida, UNHCR and Grameen Crédit Agricole Foundation designed to expand access to financial and non-financial services for refugees and host communities in Jordan and Uganda.

The research aimed to assess refugees’ demand for and access to financial and non-financial services. While their landscapes differ in terms of market opportunities and regulatory environments, both Jordan and Uganda have protracted refugee populations with similar needs for financial services.

Since the theme of this year’s <a href="http://financialinclusionweek.org/">Financial Inclusion Week</a> is "Getting Inclusion Right," we’d like to share our top five recommendations for financial service providers (FSPs) willing to contribute to getting financial inclusion right for refugees.
<h3>1. Do not develop specific financial products for refugees.</h3>
This recommendation may seem surprising, but findings from the study demonstrate that there are already products on the market that meet the demands identified among refugee clients. You may need to adjust your internal policies and procedures for ID and collateral requirements but there is no need for exclusive “refugee products” to match demand. Just reach out more to the refugees in your area to include them in the products you offer.
<h3>2. Find out what type of credit refugees in your area need, and how much.</h3>
In Uganda and Jordan, we found that while refugees were borrowing regularly from Savings Groups, friends and family, they were not able to borrow enough to cover their business needs. They wanted access to formal credit, they would prefer individual loans, and most were willing to pay interest. The survey also revealed a need for financing green energy products in settlements, as well as the potential to leverage digital financial services, which are already used by refugees in both countries. In Uganda, where land is reasonably available for refugees, there is also demand for agricultural products, both for individuals and for companies looking for raw agricultural products.
<h3>3. Screen their business ideas. Refugees manifest a remarkable spirit of entrepreneurship.</h3>
In Uganda, 78 percent of refugee respondents have plans to start or develop their own businesses, and 60 percent have already taken the first steps - using savings, borrowing informally and enrolling in vocational trainings. In Jordan, most refugees prefer to start their own business over seeking employment in the limited available sectors for non-Jordanians. In terms of gender segmentation, about one every four women interviewed in Jordan have strong plans to start or develop their own, mostly home-based, businesses, a proportion which increases to one every three women in Uganda.
<h3>4. Overcome the fear of flight risk, as data shows that refugees rarely resettle.</h3>
Flight risk is an oft-mentioned concern for FSPs when it comes to considering refugees as a potential target market. However, our studies found that the vast majority of respondents do not have any plans, not even vague ones, to return to their countries or to relocate to another country. Resettlements are also rare within countries. Refugees’ aspirations were much more related to gaining economic independency than to moving on to a new location. Between 2014 and the end of April 2018, only 5 percent of the registered refugee population in Jordan and 1 percent in Uganda have resettled.
<h3>5. Consider adding on non-financial services to complement the credit offer.</h3>
In both countries, non-financial services – primarily financial education and business management support – are particularly relevant for refugees with limited or no prior experience with credit or running a business. FSPs should apply their client segmentation procedures to assess which refugees may need non-financial service provision. Then, consider partnering with existing specialized NGOs which offer these services, or developing your own curriculum.

Getting Financial Services to Refugees Right

Financial Inclusion Week

Are you following the question of how people receive cash assistance in emergencies or protracted crises? If so, hop aboard the listserv of CALP (<a href="http://www.cashlearning.org/">Cash Action Learning Partnership</a>). Brisk discussions, great resources, and important insights circulate weekly, often daily. 

Lately, we have been discussing “frivolous expenses”—money spent on alcohol, cigarettes. Participants in the listserv are making excellent points. They assert that tracing cash uses in hopes of soothing donor concerns that money is not being spent wisely is folly for two reasons: 1) we already have substantial <a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/do-poor-waste-transfers-booze-and-cigarettes-no">evidence</a> that an increase in available cash to households does not increase marginal consumption of alcohol or cigarettes and 2) it’s hard to trace actual use since cash assistance typically supplements other sources of household income.

I would like to pose a third reason why a focus on the uses of cash assistance is folly. To do that, I need to take us into the language of financial planners. Rarely do financial planners, at least in the U.S., use the term “frivolous expense.” Instead, they prefer to divide people’s budgets into <a href="https://bizfluent.com/info-8721606-discretionary-vs-committed-fixed-costs.html">committed expenses and discretionary expenses</a>. In this system, the same item can potentially be classified differently at different points in time. For example, a financial planner speaking to my students the other day agreed that purchasing a grande latte at the local Starbucks was a discretionary expense in the fall semester, and should be enjoyed only after committed expenses were budgeted for and met (including any set-asides for savings). But the coffee’s classification could change. Let’s look to the spring. In March, inviting a potential employer to an informational interview might include treating them to a beverage. For each networking week, the grande latte (in fact two) would now be budgeted as a committed expense: it represents an investment in a student’s future.

Perhaps in settings of displacement we should similarly analyze expenditure on cigarettes and alcohol. When are they committed expenses and when are they discretionary? In a qualitative study I led in 2016 and 2017 on the <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Institute-for-Human-Security/Research/Migration-Crisis-and-State-Fragility/Financial-Mobility-of-Refugees">Financial Journey of Refugees</a>, those receiving cash assistance said they did not use their aid on cigarettes and alcohol.*

Those not receiving cash assistance, and not yet habituated to the games of aid, were forthcoming about their cigarettes budgets. Cigarettes, they claimed, were a condition of their survival. To gather information on affordable apartments or the best routes out of the country, they needed to offer up a smoke to the person in the tent next door. They happily offered a cigarette to the man at the taxi stand to learn the best times to cross a border or where to get the best rates to convert hard currency into local money. When you are a refugee or migrant, information is survival. Investing in information is not a discretionary expense, it’s a committed expense. In Greece, one group of young Afghan men told us that they did not smoke in Afghanistan but budgeted for cigarettes prior to departure. Their informants told them they had to invest in being sociable along their travels across Iran and Turkey. In fact, they took up smoking as a strategy for socializing and planned to quit when they reached their countries of destination.

Both alcohol and cigarettes had benefits beyond their powers to elicit crucial information. They also facilitated bribes. A woman told us of the “special drink” she carried to persuade the guards at a checkpoint to usher her family through without checking their documents, which if examined, would be cause for their arrest or return. Cigarettes were often exchanged in detention centers and safe-houses for favors like an early release from detention or a better placement on the open-back truck. They were also cheaper than cash bribes. Without using the terms “committed expenses” versus “discretionary expenses,” our respondents set us straight on how exactly cigarettes and drinks constituted an investment in their safety, survival and resilience.

Thus we add a third nail in the coffin of donor insistence on tracing the uses of their cash assistance – the utter frivolity of tracking frivolous expenses. I am sure we will find many more nails to pound into the coffin as our discussion advances.

* Incidentally, respondents were confused about whether they should say they used cash assistance on condoms. Did condom expenditure prove that they were responsible adults earnestly trying to prevent disease, or did it prove that they were irresponsible adults interested only in the next conquest. And, no, we did not ask them if they spent their cash assistance on condoms. Our respondents surfaced the topic when we asked what questions asked by other researchers confused them, so that we would not make the same mistakes. They then asked us for tips on how to answer the condom question, which we gladly gave them.

Kim Wilson is a Lecturer in International Business and Human Security at the Fletcher School, Tufts University and is part of the faculty of Fletcher’s <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Institute-for-Human-Security">Henry J Leir Institute for Human Security</a>.  

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/03/09/the-digital-demands-of-the-displaced-dont-track-me-dont-expose-me-dont-cut-me-off/">The Digital Demands of the Displaced: Don’t Track Me, Don’t Expose Me, Don’t Cut Me Off</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/09/financial-inclusion-and-immigration-in-europe-disrupting-identity-norms/">Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe – Disrupting Identity Norms</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/09/28/migrations-middlemen-and-how-to-pay-them/">Migration's Middlemen and How to Pay Them</a>

The Frivolity of Frivolous Expenses

AXA shares insights on and solutions to women's unmet insurance needs in emerging economies.

By <a href="https://group.axa.com/en/about-us/profile/garance-wattez-richard">Garance Wattez-Richard</a>, Head of Emerging Customers, AXA Group

Women-focused insurance solutions are a central part of AXA’s Emerging Customers work. In our <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiPgJOBxo7XAhUK2oMKHQBJCJMQFgg0MAA&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.axa.com%2Fwww-axa-com%252F57b5a3a4-c7cc-4dea-97c9-5f7d9f47232c_sheforshield_final-web2015.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw0YQN3Y_Twiv2ykoHDo86TX">SHEforSHIELD</a> report, launched with the International Finance Corporation in 2015, we found that the market is growing quickly, as women become more risk-aware and willing to invest in protection. We conducted focus groups with women in Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and learned that women have very specific, yet unmet needs when it comes to insurance. I am happy to share the stories of three of the women we met on our customer insights journey, diving into their fears and desires and the role that inclusive, women-focused insurance solutions could play.



Nurul

”We are in good health, there are no problems,” we hear from Nurul and other women at the beginning of a focus group in rural Indonesia. Nurul, a 33 year old mother of three, is in her 4th loan cycle with a large group micro-lender. She and her husband live just above the national poverty line, earning an average of 3 million Indonesian Rupiah per month (around USD 220) through dairy farming, selling food and doing small jobs in the nearest town.

[gallery ids="24390,24388" type="square" columns="2" link="file"]

When we ask more, we discover that while Nurul does not worry about her own health, she is concerned with that of her husband, children and parents. She shares, “My husband is the head of my family, so if something happened to him, my family would not survive.” While her husband is the primary income earner, Nurul serves as the family’s primary caregiver, ensuring everyone is taken care of—particularly if anyone becomes ill.

This dichotomy is reflected in Nurul’s financial priorities, as well as that of many of her fellow borrowers. Despite the fact that one-fourth of Nurul’s neighbors have experienced pregnancy or newborn complications, with one-third of her fellow group members having given birth at home, our maternal health insurance concept was rejected unanimously during the focus group. Meanwhile, spouse life insurance and family hospitalization coverage a with transport allowance are in high demand among the women in the village.

While we still see a need for maternal health packages, we are adjusting our products to meet the actual desires of community members. We have bundled our family hospitalization coverage and spouse life protection, with health check-ups and basic education during weekly repayment meetings. In addition, we continue to improve our maternal health offerings. Together with medical device manufacturers and telemedicine providers, we have prototyped a solution that would make maternity care, including pre-paid check-ups and insurance for complications, safer and more affordable.

Ifunanya

Across the ocean, we speak with almost-middle-class women in bustling Lagos. Ifunanya, a 36-year old mother of three, graduated from agricultural university and followed her husband 10 years ago when he got an accounting job in Lagos. After maternity break, Ifunanya got back to teaching, and together the couple earns a regular income of 200,000N every month (USD 566)—very close to a middle-class threshold in Nigeria. Ifunanya, along with the other women in the focus group, say all the right things about healthy lifestyle: prevention is better than a cure, good diet is important and physical activity is a must. They laugh when asked if they apply these concepts in practice, but are hungry for more information on how to live a healthy life.

[caption id="attachment_24389" align="aligncenter" width="1024"]<img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-24389" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/photo-17-05-2017-11-24-53-e1509171338285.jpg?w=2048" alt="AXA Photo Nigeria" width="1024" height="700" /> Focus group in Nigeria. Photo credit: AXA[/caption]

“Cancer is a situation that is feared in Nigeria. It is very difficult to handle... It cannot be managed,” admits Ifunanya. She is right. According to the World Health Organization, about 10,000 cancer deaths <a href="http://www.who.int/cancer/country-profiles/nga_en.pdf">are recorded</a> annually in Nigeria, while 250,000 new cases are recorded yearly. Specifically, Nigeria records 14,000 cervical cancer cases annually, part of the 85% of deaths from cervical cancer that occur in low- and middle-income countries. While Ifunanya does not know much about cancer, it is top-of-mind for her, and she and the other women in the group rank cancer as the most difficult health event to manage financially. “You will definitely need to have at least half a million naira to cope with it.” Ifunanya’s husband has a good insurance package from his employer, but it does not cover her at all.

All of this demonstrates demand for a solution that bundles health information, diagnostics and critical illness insurance, which can be delivered on a mobile platform.

Mary

The last stop of our consumer insights journey is the UAE, where we researched the needs of migrant women from Asia. Mary is 34 years old and has worked as a domestic helper in Dubai for the past five years. She earns AED 2,000 every month (USD 283), half of which she sends half home to her husband, two children, mother and sister. Improving the well-being and future prospects for her children is what motivates Mary. She is worried that if something happens to her, they will not be able to prosper. While she is very interested in our diaspora life insurance policy, she would prefer to put her mother or sister as beneficiaries to ensure her children’s welfare. Mary also saves money in a joint account with her sister to make sure she has easy access to funds when she gets back home. Many other Filipino domestic workers in our group in the UAE have accounts for the same purpose, creating a touch point with formal financial services. Migrant workers like Mary have a clear need for life insurance to cover their families in the event of a death, as well as easy ways to save money while they're abroad.

[gallery ids="24387,24391" type="square" columns="2"]

Lessons Learned and Implications 

Nurul, Ifunanya and Mary have many things in common. Being exposed to and unprotected against many risks, they are responsible caregivers with high aspirations for the future of their children. At the same time, they are so different. We need to start with a very simple offering for customers like Nurul in rural Indonesia, but if we build awareness, the solution prototyped for Ifunanya in Lagos might be also relevant for Nurul in the medium-term. Mary shows us that women face specific risks but also have specific preferences that need to be at the center of product and process design. For us, this is a thorny challenge, but also an incredible opportunity to ideate solutions for different stages of the emerging customer journey.

This all might look familiar to those of you who have been in the financial inclusion space for a long time. We are aware of the work done by <a href="https://www.freedomfromhunger.org/microfinance-and-health-protection">Freedom from Hunger</a>, among others, on bundling health and microfinance. Is this a déjà vu? We don’t believe so. We are taking lessons learned in the past and using them to fuel business model innovation. The issues are the same, but the rise of new technology and new health players makes it possible to come up with scalable and affordable solutions. It’s not only about cost anymore, it’s about changing behaviors by offering the right solutions to the right segment at the right time. For us, at AXA Emerging Customers, this is "make it or break it." If we can’t provide health solutions to emerging customers, we won’t be successful in the long term. Join us to make it a reality.

Insuring “Emerging Women” – Old Issues, New Solutions

Indonesia

Insurance

Life Insurance

Women

This was the question that a team of us at The Fletcher School at Tufts University set out to answer in our study “<a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Institute-for-Human-Security/Research/Migration-Crisis-and-State-Fragility/Financial-Mobility-of-Refugees">The Financial Journey of Refugees</a>.” We studied the routes and financial challenges of more than 100 refugees in Greece, Jordan and Turkey, between July 2016 and April 2017. The refugees we interviewed had traveled from South Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, East Africa and West Africa.

Regardless of their country of origin, with the exception of Syria, a refugee’s biggest expense was the cost of hiring a smuggler. Smuggling expenses ran about 85 percent of the total cost of the journey. The smuggler’s fee included important services: travel by air or overland, depending on the refugee’s budget, guide services across borders, payment of bribes at border crossings, and documentation falsification expenses. Smuggling prices varied widely by country of origin (some borders being porous, others sealed tight), by how deluxe a trip was (air versus ground), by numbers of borders crossed (affecting the number of falsified IDs required). To give an example, journeying overland from Afghanistan through Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey to Greece might cost $7,500 per person, a price that went up or down based on shifting rules and border crackdowns. Traveling from Eritrea to Greece might cost the same amount. Traveling from Syria to Turkey could cost as little as $500.

The price of the journey was one factor in a traveler’s safety – the higher the cost, the better the traveling modes, and the safer the travel. While what refugees paid their smuggler was important, how they paid them was equally important. Did the refugee pre-pay the kingpin smuggler in advance of the journey? Did she post-pay him after arriving safely in Greece or Germany? Did she pay leg by leg? All these strategies were in play and we outline them in our <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/Human%20Security/Final%20Journeys_Briefing%20Paper.pdf">report summary</a> and they are detailed by the refugees themselves in a <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/Human%20Security/Compendium%20Financial%20Journeys%20%20Publication.pdf">Compendium of Field Notes</a>. Below we describe two of many strategies.
<h3>Strategy 1: Guarantee Scheme via a Financial Third Party</h3>
Money agent networks, often informal, span from Pakistan to Germany, and around the world. These networks—dubbed Eastern Union by a Jordanian regulator—do far more than transfer funds from person A to person B. They will store funds for later disbursement or, if instructed, will shunt funds directly to smugglers. For example, a journeyer traveling overland from Kabul to Athens might visit a money agent in Kabul (a saraf) who will take her deposit for $7,500. When she arrives safely to her first waypoint, which could be in Zahedan, Iran, she texts a code to her saraf. The code, incidentally, would have been randomly generated by the saraf’s app before her departure and she would have memorized it. By sending the code, the refugee signals her safe arrival at the Zahedan waypoint. The saraf then forwards a predetermined sum to the kingpin smuggler, using a network of couriers and other money agents to get him his funds. The kingpin in turn deploys a combination of banks and money agents to make sure his local smugglers get paid.

There is no single way this system of guarantee works. It is customized, improvised upon, and individually negotiated by various actors. In some instances, there is no code. In others, there are several codes. In some instances, the kingpin smuggler chooses the saraf. In others, the refugee chooses the saraf. In Syria, the third party is often a shopkeeper who charges $50 to insure the journey. In Iran, the money agent charges a percentage (often 10 percent) of transactions.
<h3>Strategy 2: Crowdsourcing via Kin</h3>
Typically, crowdsourcing via kin is a pre-payment strategy, but not always. We interviewed refugees who were held hostage by smugglers at various points along their routes. When relatives—sometimes a circle of relatives both forward and backward along the route—paid up, the hostage refugee was released to be smuggled farther along her route.

Often crowdsourcing came in the form of pre-payments along various points in a route. For example, traveling from Eritrea to Greece, a journeyer might signal a relative in Khartoum to fund trip expenses. The relative in Khartoum would crowdsource funds from family members in multiple countries across Europe and North America. She might use Zain, a mobile money system, to collect the funds and hold them in Khartoum. She would then secure a smuggling network to help the Eritrean refugee cross to Sudan. The kingpin smuggler would be paid via a courier upon the refugee’s safe arrival in Khartoum. If the Eritrean refugee wanted to continue north to Turkey, Greece or Northern Europe, another round of crowdsourcing would begin. Again, the relative would make payment to the smuggler after the refugee’s safe arrival. In some cases, to ensure compensation, the smuggler will stay with the refugee in a safe house until he has received his payment via Western Union or an informal money agent.

Said one refugee: “It’s a collective system. All Eritreans understand each other on this.” The understanding is that she does not have to pay her relatives back, but she is expected to pay her debt forward: when someone else in her network tries to escape Eritrea, she is expected to do her part to financially support his or her expenses.

What do these strategies mean for providers of financial services? Clearly suppliers cannot legally, knowingly pay smugglers. But, perhaps there are other forms of financial assistance that are perfectly legal.

First, licit travel is often part of a route and could be better insured. For example, a refugee may be able to obtain a visa to a transit country and would like to secure legal travel there. But, because prior legs of the journey may be cobbled together through smugglers, the refugee cannot predict when they will reach the transit country. Insurance could help offset this uncertainty. Too often providers are skeptical that people need financial education to understand sophisticated insurance products. As long as the systems are familiar and offer value, refugees both literate and illiterate, will master them quickly. Second, providers believe that people don’t like to save, but, we found that saving for a purpose—journey preparation—is valuable. Surely, there are many legal ways to assist refugees to accumulate savings for journey purposes. And just as surely, clever suppliers could find ways for refugees to easily access those licit savings along their journey. Third, the ubiquity of informal agents could lead to service expansion. Can trusted informal money agents be co-opted and certified within a legal framework in much the same way that Uber has recruited its drivers?

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/03/09/the-digital-demands-of-the-displaced-dont-track-me-dont-expose-me-dont-cut-me-off/">The Digital Demands of the Displaced: Don't Track Me, Don't Expose Me, Don't Cut Me Off</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/09/financial-inclusion-and-immigration-in-europe-disrupting-identity-norms/">Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe – Disrupting Identity Norms</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/08/17/a-learners-license-to-master-the-rules-of-the-credit-road/">A Learner's License, To Master the Rules of the Credit Road</a>

Migration’s Middlemen and How to Pay Them

Germany

Greece

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Jordan

Pakistan

Sudan

Syrian Arab Republic

Turkey

The following post was <a href="http://blogs.accion.org/features/7-fintech-trends-to-watch-in-2018/">originally published</a> on the Accion blog.
We’re in the middle of a fintech boom that <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://medium.com/accion/trends-that-may-change-the-world-c00f4e500a8c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">could change the world</a>. As a seed-stage investor in fintech for the underserved, Accion Venture Lab continues to see innovative startups increasing access to, reducing the cost of, or improving the quality of financial services for underserved individuals and small businesses around the world.
As we kick off a new year, we’re particularly excited about seven areas of startup-led innovation.

<h4>Digital neobanks</h4>
[caption id="attachment_24930" align="aligncenter" width="616"]<img class="wp-image-24930" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/appsm_mockup2.jpg" alt="" width="616" height="411" /> SmartMEI is a digital neobank serving small businesses in Brazil[/caption]
In the last few years, we’ve seen the emergence of a number of digital neobanks. Neobanks offer a user-friendly digital interface and a platform for financial services without maintaining their own banking licenses. With a focus on user experience and digital applications, neobanks stand to offer faster and better service to the underserved. Moving forward, neobanks will need to provide both a compelling product for a targeted customer segment and a suite of offerings that go beyond basic accounts or credit cards to retain customers and improve unit economics. Innovators in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://nowmoney.me/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">NOW Money</a>, which offers migrant workers in the UAE a platform to more efficiently transfer remittances and access to other products and services over time, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.smartmei.com.br/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">SmartMEI</a>, which offers small businesses in Brazil a free tax tool and access to a broader set of financial services.

<h4>Next gen small business finance solutions</h4>
Around the world, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) struggle to access capital. Estimates suggest that <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/4d6e6400416896c09494b79e78015671/Closing+the+Credit+Gap+Report-FinalLatest.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">200 to 245 million formal and informal small businesses</a> either don’t have a loan or have one but are still constrained by their access to financing. Startups have been developing creative ways to acquire, underwrite, and fund these businesses. Some of the most innovative models today are embedding themselves into supply chains and working with a partner in that supply chain to identify MSMEs in need of financing and to obtain existing data that can support credit decision-making. These companies include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://www.tiendapago.com/en/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tienda Pago</a>, which partners with major consumer good distributors in Peru and Mexico to extend short-term working capital to small stores for inventory purchases, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://lidya.co/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lidya</a>, which works through partners in Nigeria to provide invoice discounting and supply chain financing to small businesses.

<h4>Insurtech for the underserved</h4>
Low-income consumers in emerging markets need insurance products to manage and mitigate financial risks, but serving those customers poses significant challenges — from cost-effectively reaching and educating consumers, to accurately assessing and pricing risks, to efficiently managing claims. Startups can play a critical role in solving those challenges with products intended to address specific risks for underserved communities, new distribution channels to reach these populations, and new streams of data to more effectively assess and price risk. Insurtech innovators include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://lumkani.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lumkani</a>, which sells a low-cost heat detector bundled with insurance to households in South African informal settlements that protect against loss of life, shelter, and assets, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://togarantido.com.br/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Togarantido</a>, which serves as an online-based insurance broker focused on the underserved in Brazil.

<h4>Financial services for smallholder farmers</h4>
Smallholder farmers remain notoriously difficult to reach and are often considered high-risk clients since their incomes are tied to unpredictable harvests. An estimated <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.raflearning.org/post/inflection-point-unlocking-growth-era-farmer-finance" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">270 million smallholder farmers around the world face a financing gap of $170 billion</a>. Innovators addressing this need can provide real value — by helping farmers finance irrigation pumps, combat pests, or address climate risks. Startups in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://apolloagriculture.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollo Agriculture</a>, which leverages satellite imagery, data science, and mobile money to finance fertilizer and seeds needed to increase crop yields, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.pula-advisors.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pula</a>, which works with large seed and fertilizer suppliers across Africa to bundle crop insurance in with product purchases.

<h4>Asset finance</h4>
[caption id="attachment_24931" align="aligncenter" width="615"]<img class="wp-image-24931" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/kn_pg_2016_25.jpg" alt="" width="615" height="410" /> The Paygo team at work on their smart meter for cooking gas[/caption]
Individuals and small businesses require financing for assets like medical equipment, smartphones, and solar home systems to increase efficiency and improve lives. One promising innovation in this space is pay-as-you-go financing, which allows consumers and business owners to make small upfront payments and regular “top-ups,” usually sent via mobile money. The model has already led to a rapid expansion in solar home systems across emerging markets. Other scalable models for asset financing leverage new distribution and payment approaches like layaway solutions, leasing models, and peer-to-peer transfers. <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://paygoenergy.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">PayGo Energy</a> is a promising company in this space; its pay-as-you-go financing model enables low-income customers in Kenya to pre-pay for cleaner and more affordable cooking gas.

<h4>All-digital consumer lending</h4>
Recent years have seen digital consumer lenders emerge and scale by using simple apps to collect and analyze customer data to provide access to credit for underserved populations. The speed and accessibility of digital platforms enable credit access for consumers who are underserved by traditional lenders and who might otherwise be too costly to serve. Innovators could add value to the sector with new approaches to credit underwriting and consumer engagement that lower defaults and improve retention — two of the critical challenges to the app-based lending model. <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://smartcoin.co.in/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">SmartCoin</a> offers new engagement tools alongside its mobile lending platform to better understand and serve its customers in India, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.tezfinancialservices.pk/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tez</a> provides an all-digital banking platform with a full suite of products to low-income consumers in Pakistan.

<h4>Consumer financial health</h4>
In 2016, the Federal Reserve revealed a concerning statistic about financial health in the U.S.: 46 percent of Americans said they could not pull together <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/25/the-shocking-number-of-americans-who-cant-cover-a-400-expense/?utm_term=.893f79e72c4c" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">$400 to cover an emergency</a>. Startups are providing solutions that help consumers manage their day-to-day financial lives and rebound from shocks. There is significant potential for innovators to leverage behavioral science to design new solutions such as clever nudges, useful automation, gamification, or bundling across different financial products. Innovators in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.lendstreet.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lendstreet</a>, which focuses on financial health by providing U.S. consumers a platform to restructure and refinance their distressed debt and rebuild their credit, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.destacame.cl/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Destacame</a>, which empowers users in Mexico and Chile with control of their data to build their financial capabilities and access better financial products.
Each of these areas of startup-led innovation offers significant potential for both social impact for underserved consumers and financial profit in 2018. We’re excited to see what’s next.
Image credits: Accion

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/02/27/kopo-kopo-building-on-the-rails-of-mobile-money-in-kenya/">Kopo Kopo: Building on the Rails of Mobile Money in Kenya</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/08/28/catalyst-fund-lessons-on-getting-early-stage-fintech-startups-investment-ready/">Cataylst Fund: Lessons on Getting Early-Stage Fintech Startups Investment-Ready</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/07/31/how-financial-institutions-and-fintechs-are-partnering-for-inclusion-lessons-from-the-frontlines/">How Financial Institutions and Fintechs Are Partnering for Financial Inclusion: Lessons from the Frontlines</a>

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7 Fintech Trends to Watch in 2018

Apollo Agriculture

Lidya

Pula

Accion Venture Lab

Alternative Data

Credit

Financial Health

Fintechs

Impact Investing

Insurtech

MSME/SME Finance

Neobanks

PayGo

Remittances

Smallholder Farmers

A <a href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57013#.WUkqMevyuM8">record number of people</a>, more than ever in our lifetimes, are fleeing their homes due to wars, persecution, and disasters. Nearly <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html">20 people</a> are forcibly displaced every minute, amounting to 28,300 people each day. Roughly <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html">65 million</a> people are currently displaced worldwide, according to the United Nations Refugee Agency. This figure is about the size of the <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/world/world-refugee-day-worst-crisis-in-history/">population of France</a> or the United Kingdom. About 22 million of the displaced are refugees (displaced across country borders). And more than half of whom are under the age of 18.

Today on World Refugee Day, we call on the international community to provide compassion for the displaced and support and solidarity for those working tirelessly to help them. It’s an opportunity to reflect on what we can do to overcome inaction, indifference, and fear.

Two areas in need of attention, as <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-120-migrants-drown-latest-mediterranean-disaster-boat-sinks-asylum-seekers-nigeria-sudan-a7798961.html">today’s news</a> has so painfully affirmed, <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/6/5948dfb64/world-refugee-day-reports-three-new-shipwrecks-mediterranean-sea.html">are enhanced water rescue operations</a> and more viable and safer alternatives for those in need of international protection. Today we learned that <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/6/5948dfb64/world-refugee-day-reports-three-new-shipwrecks-mediterranean-sea.html">several ships</a> that disembarked from the coast of Libya over the weekend sank and more than 120 refugees are feared to have drowned in the Mediterranean Sea.<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/126123741@N03/25780260202/in/album-72157663792457593/"><img class="wp-image-23747 alignright" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/25780260202_9b483f09f9_k.jpg" alt="" width="620" height="413" /></a>

The death toll this year of refugees attempting to cross the Mediterranean <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-120-migrants-drown-latest-mediterranean-disaster-boat-sinks-asylum-seekers-nigeria-sudan-a7798961.html">passed 1,000 in April</a>, a number that wasn’t reached until the end of May last year. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) indicates that during 2017 so far, at least 1,850 people have lost their lives trying to cross the Mediterranean.

As we’ve covered extensively on this blog, the financial inclusion industry is well-positioned to support internally displaced individuals and refugees. By offering payments, credit, insurance, and savings products, inclusive finance providers can help refugees stay connected to sources of financial support, transition beyond reliance on economic assistance programs, and ultimately contribute to their host countries.

Here are a few of our previous posts for you to read, or re-read. They offer an introduction to the topic of financial inclusion of refugees, outline the challenges and opportunities to serve this especially vulnerable client segment, including via new technologies and business models, and share success stories for others to learn from.
<ul>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction</a>, by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, the Smart Campaign</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Azerbaijan Case Study</a>, by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, the Smart Campaign</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/10/07/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-al-majmoua-in-lebanon/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Al Majmoua in Lebanon</a>, by the Social Performance Task Force (SPTF)</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/03/09/the-digital-demands-of-the-displaced-dont-track-me-dont-expose-me-dont-cut-me-off/">The Digital Demands of the Displaced: Don’t Track Me, Don’t Expose Me, Don’t Cut Me Off</a>, by Kim Wilson</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/02/14/refugees-and-humanitarian-assistance-which-kind-of-aid-is-best/">Refugees and Humanitarian Assistance: Which Kind of Aid Is Best?</a>, by Jeffrey Riecke, Senior Specialist, CFI</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/09/financial-inclusion-and-immigration-in-europe-disrupting-identity-norms/">Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe – Disrupting Identity Norms</a>, by Brenda Santoro and Ahmed Dermish with Kim Wilson</li>
 	<li><a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/11/15/the-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion/">The Future of Refugee Financial Inclusion</a>, by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, the Smart Campaign</li>
</ul>
Whether you work in the inclusive finance sector or not, we hope you’ll take action. For more information, head to the UN Refugee Agency <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/get-involved.html">website</a>.

Image credit: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/126123741@N03/25780260202/in/album-72157663792457593/">Julian Buijzen via Flickr.</a>

It’s World Refugee Day - Financial Inclusion Stakeholders Take Note!

Azerbaijan

Lebanon

Libya

Predictably, the long tentacles of <a href="https://www.microfinancegateway.org/library/responses-refugee-crisis-financial-education-and-long-term-integration-refugees-and-migrants">financial inclusion</a> have coiled themselves around the most vulnerable targets of humanitarian aid: low income <a href="http://www.digitalfinanceinstitute.org/?post_projects=childrens-adventure-camps">refugees</a>, migrants and displaced populations (hereon: “refugees”).

Just as predictably, the financial inclusion agenda is driven by suppliers (aid providers, donors, financial intermediaries and governments). Few refugees are demanding to be included in a digital/formal ecosystem. That does not mean they don’t appreciate the shelter, food and cash that humanitarian agencies have mustered on their behalf. They do. They also appreciate the efforts of those same agencies to make cash assistance easier. E-cash that can be transformed into physical cash at convenient times and places is an example. Use of debit cards at ATMs to withdraw cash from digital accounts can cut valuable time otherwise spent waiting in long cash distribution queues. Very appreciated, indeed.

But beyond handily retrieved cash assistance, refugees, obsessed with the business of surviving, aren’t all that interested in being co-opted by yet another development agenda, in this case, financial inclusion. They aren’t demanding a bank account, a mobile wallet, or a branded payment card. Nor are they demanding that their cash retrieval method turn into a savings program. In fact, such programs, however well-intended, can backfire. Some NGOs place restrictions on cash withdrawal amounts – an attempt to force savings or nudge smoother consumption. But such restrictions can lead to cash cards getting swallowed at the ATM; refugees forget, or perhaps never understood, the various constraints layered into their cards.
<blockquote>But beyond handily retrieved cash assistance, refugees, obsessed with the business of surviving, aren’t all that interested in being co-opted by yet another development agenda, in this case, financial inclusion.</blockquote>
Despite the supply-side’s lust for data, refugees, especially older ones, reject the notion of being traced. It’s easy to see why. Some are fleeing such ruthless trackers as the Taliban, ISIS, or their home governments and thus are protective of data that might expose even a whiff of their whereabouts. As a consequence, some reject debit cards, e-vouchers, or e-wallets for anything other than maximum withdrawal of cash as soon as a digital distribution is made.

There’s more. As part of addressing a “<a href="http://nextbillion.net/unlocking-the-power-of-digital-financial-services-for-humanitarian-response/">financial inclusion gap</a>,” agencies and <a href="http://nextbillion.net/unlocking-the-power-of-digital-financial-services-for-humanitarian-response/">donors</a> are examining the closed loop nature of the cards they issue. Wider use of cards and access points across networks is one reason to lengthen the loop. That sounds good. Agencies and donors also promote individually owned e-wallets and cards. Refugee-owned accounts (versus NGO-owned accounts) allow users to top up their cards and wallets with remittances and earnings. That sounds good, too. And agencies hope to increase digital transactions to improve data collection.

Wait, that definitely does not sound good.

Again, data collection is exactly what many aid-receiving refugees fear.  They worry that humanitarian actors (NGOs, UN agencies, governments and commercial intermediaries) will know too much about them, that the full content of their accounts – not just the aid-funded portion – will become visible to anyone with the right permissions, permissions over which refugees have zero control.

The refugee wonders: if aid agencies can track all transactions in my account, which transactions will be deemed “good” (the purchase of milk?), which “bad” (the purchase of cigarettes?), and which up for grabs (the purchase of condoms?)? Will bad purchases signal that I am irresponsible and thus trigger a closure of my cash assistance? If I receive remittances on the same account that holds my e-cash assistance, will my aid agency assume that I no longer need that assistance?

Getting the answer right requires users to fathom a bottomless pit of aid agendas. It’s easier to withdraw cash as soon as it becomes available than to imagine the possibilities that might arise from storing funds digitally.

But what if the world of financial inclusion suddenly were to become relevant to refugees? What might real demand look like?  In the summer of 2016, faculty, students and alumni of the Fletcher School, Tufts University, embarked on a study called the Financial Journey of Refugees. The study was sponsored by CRS Greece, GiZ Jordan, DRC Turkey, and the Trampoline House in Denmark. We researched 109 subjects and dozens of key informants in Greece, Turkey, Jordan, Denmark and Afghanistan. Our primary research question was: how do refugees finance their journeys and manage their money along the way? In the course of our qualitative discussions, they told us far more than we asked. Many confided their financial experiences and their experiences of aid across multiple countries. Results can be found in a recently released <a href="http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/Featured-CEME-Senior-Fellows/~/media/CC882A166CB2476CA6C5DB62739FF5CC.ashx">essay</a>.

So, what are refugees demanding, if not financial inclusion? One way to find out is to understand what they do today to manage their financial tasks. Here are a few highlights: they are using kinship networks to finance their journeys, to store savings and to borrow to fill gaps in income as they settle and make their way. They are using local hawaldars – money traders – to store and release funds to their smugglers at different waypoints in their journeys as well as to settle debts within cross-border kinship networks.  But, perhaps an important takeaway goes beyond use of financial services and peers into the workings of a close cousin of finance: information services. Refugees are using Facebook, Whatsapp, and Viber, enabled by smart phones that they own or borrow. Together these platforms constitute a refugee communications backbone.

Facebook is deeply trusted (maybe more than justified). Refugees use Facebook to check whereabouts of relatives, indicate a need for funds, or refer a good smuggler. With mobile phones ubiquitous and smart phones prevalent, Facebook is accessible (and VPN workarounds possible in places where it is banned, such as <a href="https://www.lostwithpurpose.com/access-facebook-blocked-sites-iran/">Iran</a>). Refugees monitor and update Facebook often, particularly in places where batteries can be charged easily.

The near-ubiquity of Facebook and the perpetual fear of digital financial accounts seem incongruous. Our study does not reconcile these divergent claims. We only acknowledge them and ask: what value proposition makes Facebook so attractive that it overshadows the fear of traceability? Can Facebook move beyond its current third party offerings via <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-13/inside-facebook-s-plan-to-get-users-to-buy-flowers-in-messenger">Messenger</a>, out of banked transactions, into bankless P2P transactions, like the hawala? Might they link to a crypto-currency and brand it in a friendly way? What would regulators need to do to make this possible?

But there are other questions, too. Can progressive central banks, such as the Bank of Jordan, focus on a demographic that is unafraid of being digitally tracked, such as <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/GSMA-case-study_Jordan_2016.pdf">young people</a> whose goal is to assimilate and impress? And in good time, could it let the behavior of the young become the norm? Meanwhile, can cash assistance providers applaud their own efforts as humanitarians, shedding concerns about whether their life saving cash and e-cash services – remarkable for what they are – contribute to a financial inclusion agenda?

<a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/kimwilson/">Kim Wilson</a> is on the Faculty of the Fletcher School, Tufts University and oversees Fletcher's participation in the <a href="https://digitalfrontiersinstitute.org/the-institute/certificate-digital-money/">Certificate in Digital Money</a> offered jointly with the Digital Frontiers Institute.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/02/14/refugees-and-humanitarian-assistance-which-kind-of-aid-is-best/">Refugees and Humanitarian Assistance: Which Kind of Aid Is Best?</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/09/financial-inclusion-and-immigration-in-europe-disrupting-identity-norms/">Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe - Disrupting Identity Norms</a>

The Digital Demands of the Displaced: Don’t Track Me, Don’t Expose Me, Don’t Cut Me Off

Digital Financial Services

If you had to embark on a journey similar to that of the 65 million people who are currently forcibly displaced, what would you bring? Most likely among your provisions would be a smartphone. Phones are the contemporary map and compass, a gateway to critical information, a means for keeping in touch with loved ones, and a financial toolkit. <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Importance-of-mobile-for-refugees_a-landscape-of-new-services-and-approaches.pdf">More and more</a>, aid workers are witnessing refugees arriving at camps with smartphones. For both the refugee journey and the post-journey settlement process, a phone can be vital. With this in mind, you might not be surprised to learn that mobile money usage among refugees, including for cash transfers from governments and NGOs, is on the rise.

GSMA reports that the end of 2015, there were <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/SOTIR_2015.pdf">271 operating mobile money systems</a> across 93 countries, with over 400 million registered accounts globally. At the same time, the Center for Global Development <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">estimates</a> that the vast majority of aid to refugees is given in monetary form. Most aid is provided either through vouchers that can be used for specific purchases or in-kind donations of items like blankets, heaters, and bags of rice. There’s growing evidence suggesting that not only are cash aid transfers <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">superior to vouchers and in-kind aid</a>, but that mobile money is the <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Importance-of-mobile-for-refugees_a-landscape-of-new-services-and-approaches.pdf">optimal vehicle for cash transfers</a>.

Most refugees use mobile phones extensively, with higher internet usage rates than the general population, according to a study from the Oxford University Humanitarian Innovation Project, “<a href="https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/refugeeeconomies">Refugee Economies: Rethinking Popular Assumptions</a>”. In some cases refugees even buy a new SIM card <a href="https://www.trulioo.com/blog/financial-support-for-refugees-displaced-people/">each time they enter a new country</a> in order to navigate their way to the next border. Governments and aid agencies are recognizing this trend and re-thinking how they support this vulnerable population. And for their part, mobile network operators (MNOs) increasingly see refugees as a new, viable customer base as well as an opportunity to contribute services to highly vulnerable people.

A <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Importance-of-mobile-for-refugees_a-landscape-of-new-services-and-approaches.pdf">new report from GSMA</a> offers a handful of vignettes that illustrate the growing pervasiveness of phone-based financial services in refugee communities:
<ul>
 	<li>In Pakistan, which has the third-largest refugee community in the world, the government is the primary source of cash assistance for displaced individuals, and the majority of cash transfers are completed via mobile money. Four of the market’s top five MNOs are active participants in the mobile money disbursement programs.</li>
 	<li>In Uganda, GSMA surveyed refugees both in and outside camps and found that almost half of them used mobile money, mainly to receive remittances from family and friends. Recently, the MNO Orange Uganda built a tower in the Nakivale camp to support the launch of its mobile money service targeting the refugee population.</li>
 	<li>Refugees in Rwanda are regular users of mobile money. Some are even working as mobile money agents.</li>
</ul>
Mobile money presents refugees with deepening financial inclusion opportunities. Large barriers persist to refugees adopting and using such services, but when given the opportunity, refugees and internally displaced populations use mobile money in the same ways that other populations do: for remittances, person-to-person payments, merchant payments, loans, and savings.

Potentially most crucial for refugees are international remittances, either to send money home or to receive money from home. The international remittances market has been disrupted by mobile money in recent years, with transfers via phone <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Importance-of-mobile-for-refugees_a-landscape-of-new-services-and-approaches.pdf">21 percent</a> cheaper on average than standard money transfer operations. And such services are spreading fast. In fact, international remittances are the fastest-growing mobile money service. One can now send international remittances via mobile money between more than 20 countries worldwide, particularly in regional markets, i.e., between neighboring countries. High rates of adoption are seen in several markets in which these services recently launched, including Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Senegal.

Whether in settlement camps or post-settlement, refugees seek to quickly build new lives. To this end, they use person-to-person and merchant payments not only for consumption purposes, but also as livelihood-building and business tools. Eighty-nine percent of refugees in Kampala use their mobile phones to generate income, according to “Rethinking Popular Assumptions”. Phones can help refugees find employment, access market information, and run micro-businesses. A mobile money ecosystem also presents employment opportunities for ancillary services like selling phone charging services, mobile phone repair, and serving as mobile money agents. Mobile money empowers refugees to create or boost existing markets – for food, clothing, financial services, and more.

In addition to mobile money, we’ve seen an array of initiatives from governments and NGOs that pair aid with other digital financial services:
<ul>
 	<li>Lebanon hosts the most refugees per capita in the world with 1.2 million individuals. Aid organizations like the International Rescue Committee (IRC) <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/11/15/the-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion/">issue ATM cards</a> for refugees to access cash benefits, taking advantage of the fully-functioning distribution networks of merchants and ATMs available in the country.</li>
 	<li>In Syria, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi_nNidh47SAhUqw1QKHUnmAIQQFggcMAA&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fcfi-blog.org%2F2016%2F11%2F15%2Fthe-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion%2F&amp;usg=AFQjCNECigBXaYLGABweP1wabi4C7_sZdA&amp;sig2=CIjwqfD6abOcndsGBat1RA">developed a small fleet</a> of mobile lending units to reach clients in areas without financial infrastructure.</li>
 	<li>On the island of Lesbos, Greece, Mercy Corps <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">offers refugees debit cards</a> that connect to a bank account to help them build banking histories.</li>
 	<li>The Digital Finance Institute launched the <a href="http://www.digitalfinanceinstitute.org/?post_projects=childrens-adventure-camps">Banking on Refugees project</a> which is piloting a cloud-based branchless bank that harnesses biometric identification and digital payment solutions, including prepaid cards and e-wallets.</li>
</ul>
However, a number of challenges impede the spread of mobile money-based humanitarian aid for refugees, as well as their uptake of broader mobile money services. These can come from both the supply and demand side. In some environments the mobile money ecosystem is still too nascent and not yet a viable option. In others, demand is weak, either because services are not sufficiently convenient or robust, or because of lack of customer awareness or familiarity. In its recent study, GSMA found that for refugees using mobile money, convenience and connectivity was more important than familiarity with the service, pointing to the importance of service and agent coverage and agent liquidity.

Proof of identity also poses a serious issue. <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/11/15/the-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion/">As discussed on this blog previously</a>, refugees often leave their home country without identity documentation, and sometimes even when they have it, the host country government may not have the technology and data needed to authenticate these documents. Lack of identification can impede refugees from buying SIM cards, owning mobile phones, and accessing mobile money and other financial services.

UNHCR in Jordan is mitigating this problem using biometrics. Refugees in the UNHCR program in Jordan <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">receive iris scans</a> which are stored in the cloud. The UNHCR offers bank accounts for refugees through the Cairo Amman Bank. When refugees arrive at the bank’s ATMs, they look into a set of binoculars that scans and verifies their eyes, and they’re able to withdraw the money in their name.

Refugees are also often faced with the loss of the banking and credit histories they built in their home countries. We’ve <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/11/15/the-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion/">advocated before for credit history portability</a> for refugees, allowing refugees to be able to apply preexisting credit histories in the host country and, if they return home, to bring credit histories accumulated in host countries back with them.

Trulioo, a company that works in identity verification, <a href="https://www.trulioo.com/blog/financial-support-for-refugees-displaced-people/">asserts the potential</a> to use an individual’s cyber identity for identity verification and for enabling access to credit and other financial services. MNOs could serve as centralized, cross-border identifiers, by harnessing the user data and transaction histories linked to specific SIM cards. Additionally, aggregation of an individual’s online interactions, including of mobile money and online transactions could serve in place of credit histories to open financial doors.

But often it all comes back to the initial distribution of relief payments, where governments, NGOs, MNOs, and banks too often conduct business as usual. Although buy-in and coordination from these stakeholders is essential, many remain uncomfortable, unfamiliar, or unconvinced about the merits of cash transfers instead of vouchers or donated items, or about the merits of mobile money. Elizabeth MacBride of Quartz <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">writes</a>, “One of the obstacles to donors shifting their giving to cash has been that the NGO edifice that funnels their money is built to resist its own destruction.” Indeed, mobile money cash transfers might be a more efficient and effective means to offer refugees crucial resources, but there are vested interests in the status quo. For example, in 2013 USAID shipped <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">1.4 million metric tons</a> of food aid as part of the World Food Program. To accomplish this, roughly $70 million was spent on shipping. Food sellers and shippers are likely to be strong advocates of retaining the in-kind system.

A number of studies suggest that not only is cash aid more efficient than other aid forms, it’s ultimately more helpful for refugees. One study estimates that the savings on administration gleaned from the more efficient digital cash transfer programs could help the aid reach 30 percent more people for the same price. In 2014 IRC, in partnership with Yale and the University of Brasilia, published a rigorous evaluation of emergency cash distribution for refugees with the core finding that refugees <a href="http://mastercardcenter.org/action/mobile-money-transforming-financial-inclusion-refugees/">used the money for food as intended</a>, as opposed to spending it on cigarettes or alcohol. Another IRC report in Lebanon found that 87,700 families who were given $575 via ATM cards <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">used the funds for essential purchases</a>, like food, clothing, fuel oil, and so forth. In both of these studies additional findings spoke to the entrepreneurial nature of refugees, who strive against extremely difficult odds to build new lives. In the first study it was calculated that for every $1 of cash assistance, $2 was created in local markets. In the second, with cash transfers instead of other aid forms, more children stayed in school because fewer families had to send their kids to work. Another study of Syrian refugees in Iraq found that <a href="https://qz.com/750020/the-deceptively-simple-economic-case-for-giving-refugees-cash-not-stuff/">70 percent</a> of individuals sold some of the aid they received in the form of rice. Compared to other forms of aid, cash transfers empower refugees to take action on behalf of themselves and smooth entry into their new country.

And digital channels for cash aid – whether mobile money or otherwise – offer a number of benefits over physical cash transfers. Digital finance offers greater transparency and the ability to track cash, which can combat the longstanding problem of corruption surrounding the physical handling of cash. And digital offers refugees greater security and safety from theft.

Sadly, the current refugee crisis is not going away any time soon. In the meantime, we applaud all those working to support these millions of individuals, through cash transfers, financial services, and other means.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Azerbaijan Case Study</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/10/07/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-al-majmoua-in-lebanon/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Al Majmoua in Lebanon</a>

Refugees and Humanitarian Assistance: Which Kind of Aid Is Best?

Rwanda

Telcos

[caption id="attachment_22489" align="aligncenter" width="615"]<img class="wp-image-22489" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/myanmar-accion-champions-financial-inclusion-fish-seller-ma-san-hew-microfinance-client-of-accion-dawn-image-by-john-rae.jpg" width="615" height="412" /> Accion client Ma San Htwe selling fish in Myanmar, one of the key areas discussed at European Microfinance Week 2016.[/caption]

<a href="http://www.e-mfp.eu/european-microfinance-week-2016">European Microfinance Platform</a> is celebrating 10 years of supporting inclusive finance innovation, and hosted European Microfinance Week 2016 (EMW) in Luxembourg a few weeks ago. At the conference, I joined discussions about key organizations and challenges in the industry. Here are five of the main takeaways from the week:
<h4>1. The Underserved Refugee Population
</h4>
The <a href="http://sptf.info/">Social Performance Task Force</a> (SPTF) is helping to provide financial services to the refugee population, which is now <a href="http://sptf.info/working-groups/refugee-microfinance">approximately 20 million people</a>. In reality we don’t know very much about the socioeconomic needs of refugees, and much of the research is focused on humanitarian efforts. SPTF is working to research and provide guidelines to financial service providers to better serve the financial needs of this population. The guidelines will be published on SPTF’s website in the coming months. Learn more about leading organizations supporting refugees from <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/tag/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-blog-series/">CFI’s blog series</a> on refugees.
<h4>2. Opportunity in Myanmar
</h4>
Representatives from VisionFund, Advans, UNCDF, and M-CRIL provided a look at the economic landscape of Myanmar and the future of financial inclusion there. In Myanmar, 70 percent of the population was excluded from formal financial services <a href="http://partners.wsj.com/metlife/multipliers/articles/myanmars-economic-revolution/">until 2011, when microfinance rapidly </a>expanded. After 2011, 267 licensed Monetary Financial Institutions (MFIs) opened. This<a href="http://partners.wsj.com/metlife/multipliers/articles/enabling-new-business/"> opportunity</a> comes with many barriers to inclusion, such as a lack of government regulation and funds and capacity-building issues. However, there is widespread optimism with an adoption of regulations proposed by the <a href="http://smartcampaign.org/home/1082/1082">Smart Campaign</a>, as well as further demand for microfinance in Myanmar. Investors should consider moving into the region for long term impact.
<h4>3. Offshore Financial Centers
</h4>
The <a href="http://fiecouncil.com/">Financial Inclusion Equity Council</a> (FIEC) hosted a discussion at EMW about their latest research on offshore financial centers. Daniel Rozas and Sam Mendelson of the European Microfinance Platform have been working with FIEC members, raising questions about the key drivers in deciding to domicile funds offshore, and why this is important for the impact investing space. This session was a good introduction to the research, and their publication will be released early next year.
<h4>4. Cyber Security and Digital Finance</h4>
Expanding digital finance is important to everyone working in the financial inclusion space. Unfortunately, operational costs are too high to open banks in remote areas. The threat of cyber-attacks and the challenge of gaining trust in emerging markets are also important topics to review. International Development organizations, investors, regulators, and innovators gathered to highlight the risk. One topic that was discussed was the risks specifically faced by smaller banks: they are much more vulnerable to cyber-attacks and they don’t have enough capital to invest in security measures. Organizations like Suricate Solutions (an electronic banking and IT security firm) and <a href="http://www.uncdf.org/">UNCDF</a> are working with regulators to collect data from the market and set up preventative measures to avoid vulnerability for the financial inclusion sector.
<h4>5. Microfinance and Access to Education
</h4>
This year, access to education was the theme of the European Microfinance Award. It was represented by three finalists from around the world: Kashf Foundation (Pakistan), Fundación Génesis Empresarial (Guatemala), and Opportunity Bank (Uganda). The winner was Kashf Foundation, an organization that provides loans to private schools, training for teaching staff, and educational opportunities for women and girls. In a country where 25 million children are out of school, this €100,000 award by the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs will make a great impact. The organization is also <a href="http://www.smartcampaign.org/certification/certified-organizations#Kashf">SMART Certified</a> by the Center for Financial Inclusion.

These are just a few of the important discussions about innovations in financial inclusion. Each presents not only challenges but unique opportunities to learn and collaborate to make progress in inclusive finance.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/11/15/the-future-of-refugee-financial-inclusion/">The Future of Refugee Financial Inclusion</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2015/02/18/myanmars-first-ecommerce-platform-supports-the-transition-from-cash-to-electronic/">Myanmar's First eCommerce Platform Supports the Transition from Cash to Electronic</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/07/22/more-in-for-impact-whats-up-in-socially-responsible-investing/">"More in for Impact": What's Up in Socially Responsible Investing?</a>

&nbsp;

5 Themes in Financial Inclusion Innovation from European Microfinance Week 2016

Financial Inclusion Equity Council

The Smart Campaign

Myanmar

Youth

Elisabeth Rhyne

Managing Director

Amee Parbhoo

Daniel Balson

Jeffrey Riecke

Joy Kim

Julia Arnold

Kim Wilson

Lauren Hendricks

Lizzy Bolze

Micol Pistelli

Nina Nieuwoudt

Philippe  Guichandut

China

Europe and Central Asia

Iraq

Kenya

Middle East and North Africa

Somalia

Banks

Challenges and Crises

Consumer Protection

Crowdfunding

Enabling Environment

Financial Capability

Financial Inclusion Strategy

Financial Service Providers

Financial Technology

Microfinance Institutions

Privacy

Risk Management

Rural Populations

Social Performance

&gt; Posted by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, the Smart Campaign

This is the fourth and final blog entry in a <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/tag/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-blog-series/">series</a> exploring how financial services can be leveraged to assist refugee populations. This entry will consider the future of refugee financial services and what our sector can do to ensure that the future is an inclusive one that serves genuine needs and protects refugee rights. 

Syrian refugees shop at a market with their bank card given by the Turkish Red Crescent.

It is worth asking whether the financial inclusion sector is at the forefront of the movement to financially include refugees. The humanitarian sector has long struggled to determine how to provide assistance during a crisis in a way that is sustainable, effective, and accountable. Recently, humanitarian organizations such as Oxfam and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have begun considering whether it’s possible to use payments as an on-ramp for financial inclusion of refugees. Cash transfers have historically facilitated corruption and failed to make it into the hands of the people who needed it most. In-kind donations of goods such as tents, food, sleeping material and other items undermined local merchants who made their livelihoods selling these very goods. In response, the sector has begun experimenting with digital financial payments. In Afghanistan, for example, the World Food Program (WFP) has <a href="https://btca-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/185/english_attachments/Afghanistan_Case_Study_May2016.pdf?1463507198">issued e-vouchers</a> and mobile money to cover food aid. The first e-voucher pilot was carried out on a small user base of 603 recipients in Kabul for a three-month disbursement cycle from April to June 2014. The total value of e-vouchers disbursed was US$72,360. The program proved successful and the WFP launched several follow-on pilots across the country in the subsequent year.

By eliminating the need for central distribution points, e-vouchers helped insulate staff and beneficiaries from security risks. Biometric technology such as finger-print scanning and chip and pin technology helped the WFP overcome literacy challenges and safeguard client data. As a result, e-vouchers were more effective at protecting clients’ rights to privacy and helped deliver a more transparent and approachable payment product.

Lebanon has proved to be another test case for digital financial services and refugee populations. Lebanon has welcomed 1.2 million refugees within its borders, mostly from Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. As such, it is the country with the most refugees per capita in the world. Here too, digital financial services have played a pivotal role. By creating points of access with merchants and ATMs, aid organizations have <a href="http://www.cashlearning.org/downloads/untappedhumanitariandemand-abusinesscaseforexpandingdfs.pdf">developed a fully functioning distribution network</a>, allowing refugees to use their pre-paid cards in more transactions than ever before.

With the success of these seemingly disconnected technology programs, humanitarian organizations have begun speaking to their financial sector counterparts to explore how these pilots could transition to an on-ramp for genuine financial inclusion. Whereas in the past, humanitarian organizations became adept at quickly installing basic, flexible, and effective financial networks to use in times of crisis, the new approach seems to be focused around developing a more lasting system that can continue to serve at risk populations long after reconstruction. For example, more and more humanitarian organizations are considering how payment networks can evolve into a system that facilitates savings, credit, and insurance.

What can donors do better?

To achieve results on this front, donors, aid agencies, and humanitarian organizations will have to take a critical look at prior approaches and incentives. For example, the sector may wish to reconsider whether old monitoring and evaluation paradigms are best suited to providing sustainable financial services to refugees. Previously, auditors assessing the efficacy of an intervention might have counted how much money was distributed and spent. However, if we are to work towards developing long-standing financial channels for refugees, it is imperative that we account for and encourage savings. Evaluators may be required to develop newer and more accurate metrics to determine whether pre-existing payment channels can grow to accommodate the diverse array of financial services refugees will require.

Additionally, donors and practitioners will need to learn to tell their story better. In doing so, they might consider what counts as a success and why it matters to governments, donors, practitioners, and to refugees themselves. New narratives would be most effective if boosted by emerging research on refugee financial services. For example, if the sector were to demonstrate that financially included refugees are more likely to return to their country of origin, it could use this data to make a stronger case before skeptical donors. Donors champion financial organizations like Al Majmoua in Lebanon and Microfund for Women in Jordan that experiment with financial services for refugees.  By highlighting successes, donors could use their considerable megaphone to reinforce the importance of such programs and demonstrate that they can deliver financial services for refugees in a sustainable and effective manner. Such publicity could be paired with a concerted focus on overcoming the perception of refugees as risky borrowers: donors could guarantee some portion of loans issued.

What can practitioners do better?

Practitioners can find new ways to leverage digital services to address challenges refugees face. Myriad avenues are being explored; a few of the more promising ones are highlighted below:
<ul>
 	<li>Currently, refugees risk losing credit histories that they carefully built in their home countries – as well as credit histories they start from scratch and build in their host country. Credit score portability can help mitigate these challenges and encourage refugees to take up financial services in their host country as well as return to their home countries when it is safe, with the knowledge that their sound financial decision making will be recognized.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Refugees often arrive to their host countries with few fixed assets and limited collateral. Creditors can harness the power of crowdfunding to create digital stores of collateral for potential refugee clients, allowing them to get a foot in the door of the credit marketplace.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>As refugees might arrive with limited documentation, they are often unable to demonstrate their creditworthiness. Alternative creditworthiness analysis tools offer one promising solution. By leveraging a refugee’s social media presence, contacts and networks, loan officers can get a sense of the client’s trustworthiness and diligence, allowing the provider to lower the interest rate on an otherwise prohibitively risky product.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Many refugees face political persecution in both their home country and their host country. As such, they are often reticent to divulge personal information necessary to secure a loan. Strong digital safeguards can help protect a refugee’s privacy, anonymize data and minimize risk to the client’s contacts back home.</li>
</ul>
Technology, of course, will not be a substitute for appropriate strategizing and good sense. Many of the core obstacles facing refugees’ financial inclusion can be best solved not through novel technical approaches but by reviewing and carefully internalizing lessons already uncovered by the sector. For example:
<ul>
 	<li>Mobile lending units allow the product to come to the client in cases where the client cannot come to the product. In Syria, UNRWA developed a small fleet of mobile lending units, allowing loan providers to reach clients in areas with few security threats but limited financial infrastructure.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Appropriate and flexible products can help an institution adapt to a rapidly changing situation. In Syria, UNRWA launched its <a href="http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/content/resources/microfinance_department_annual_report_2015.pdf">BST (“Bastat”)</a> product aimed specifically at street peddlers and designed to cope with their frequent displacement, in part through low repayment amounts. A separate product provides home reconstruction loans for Syrians. These highly tailored products help address real and pressing needs faced by Syrian victims of conflict. These strategies are an effective illustration of appropriate product design, the first of the Smart Campaign’s Client Protection Principles. You can learn more about how the Smart Campaign views this principle <a href="http://smartcampaign.org/about/smart-microfinance-and-the-client-protection-principles">here</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Providing financial services to refugees is often a contentious proposition. In countries where resources are limited, politics are fraught and conflict is a recent memory, the public and the government are often skeptical when precious funds are redirected to temporary and foreign visitors. Recognizing this reality, institutions can minimize disruption by supporting activities that do not compete with the local economy. For example, in Lebanon, Al Majmoua has funded refugee families who make aghabani table cloths, a traditional Syrian textile in high demand throughout the Middle East.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Institutions serve refugees best when they focus on people. As we’ve seen in <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">our Azerbaijan case study</a>, one of the easiest and most effective ways financial institutions can learn about how to serve refugees and the internally displaced is to hire them. Refugee staff come with an intuitive feel for the clients and their culture and an eagerness to work and learn. Additionally, financial institutions have found success by creating joint refugee and host borrower groups to create interdependence and build bridges between individuals who might not normally associate with one another. Additionally, by offering financial products to women refugees specifically, institutions are more likely to assist an underserved market segment and less likely to be seen as intrusive.</li>
</ul>
What governments can do better:

Meaningful progress on providing financial services to refugees requires the assistance of governments. Elected and appointed officials set the rules of the market, determine the country’s overarching policy towards refugees, signal moral support for migrants’ rights, and channel public concerns. Their support is fundamental to ensuring that refugees and the internally displaced can access meaningful economic opportunities.

Government officials can begin by stimulating an honest dialogue about the political dimensions of refugee financial inclusion and steering the rhetoric away from a binary option. Rather than forcing the public to make an imagined choice between citizen rights and refugee assistance, governments could explore avenues for how refugees can be financially included while benefiting their host communities.

Recognizing that refugees are some of their most vulnerable populations, officials can enact rules that would ensure their protection. By encouraging formal institutions to enter the market before they are superseded by less reputable lenders, officials can prevent the emergence of a black market for credit and thwart abuses before they appear.

While financial inclusion practitioners know far more about what it takes to assist refugees today than ten or even five years ago, there is much more to learn. Are refugees with more access to capital more likely to return to their home country? What types of financial services offered to refugees have the greatest net-positive effect on their host communities? These and other questions require additional research. Governments have the resources and the moral suasion to commission and implement such studies and should be vocal about the need to learn more on this critical topic.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Azerbaijan Case Study</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/10/07/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-al-majmoua-in-lebanon/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Al Majmoua in Lebanon</a>

The Future of Refugee Financial Inclusion

&gt; Posted by the Social Performance Task Force (SPTF)

The following is the third post in a four-part blog series on the financial inclusion of refugees and the internally displaced. The first post can be found <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">here</a>, and the second <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">here</a>.

Overview of refugee populations in Lebanon

The multi-cultural and open economy of Lebanon is no stranger to the need to accommodate refugees. Over the years, Lebanon, which has a population of roughly 6 million, has generously maintained an open border policy and has, until restrictions were introduced in 2014-15 following the very large influx of Syrian refugees, permitted refugees to settle temporarily but freely across the country. The country’s experience in providing financial services to these refugees and internally displaced persons offers insights for financial institutions around the world on serving these vulnerable global populations.

Lebanon's refugee populations are diverse. The largest refugee group is Palestinian, around half of whom live in the 12 recognized Palestine refugee camps. From Iraq, about 50,000 refugees arrived after American-launched military operations in Iraq in 2003. Many of the Iraqi refugees were at one time middle-class professionals who have self-settled in urban areas in Lebanon. Syrians, who have a long history as migrant workers in Lebanon, have never been counted as foreign workers, and many were known to work in Lebanon before the war in Syria. But when civil war broke out in Syria in 2011, an unprecedented number of Syrians emigrated to Lebanon. As of October 2015, close to <a href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/56557d3b4.html">1.1 million</a> Syrian refugees in Lebanon had registered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

Serving as a refugee in Lebanon requires the ability to navigate in an environment of extremely complex political, economic, social, and security-related volatilities. For example, <a href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---exrel/documents/briefingnote/wcms_368227.pdf">Lebanese labor laws exclude</a> Palestinian refugees from Syria from entry into formal employment, while newer restrictions allow for Syrian refugees to obtain work permits only in the traditional migrant worker sectors of agriculture and domestic services, where almost half of the Syrian refugee workers are employed, and in construction. The increased competition for low-quality, low-skilled jobs has <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/698161468179049613/Lebanon-Promoting-poverty-reduction-and-shared-prosperity-a-systematic-country-diagnostic">resulted</a> in depressed wage incomes and increased job insecurity, which is a key perceived stress factor for both refugee and host communities. These dynamics can <a href="https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=9399">trigger</a> resentment and fear especially among lower-income Lebanese workers and entrepreneurs, including the traditional core clientele of financial service providers (FSPs) like Al Majmoua.

Al Majmoua - history and structure

Save the Children launched Al Majmoua (Arabic for “the Group”) was established in 1994 as a microfinance program with USAID funding to provide group loans to lower-income women entrepreneurs across disadvantaged areas of Lebanon. In 1997, it became an autonomous NGO. One of Al Majmoua's <a href="http://www.almajmoua.org/visionandmission.aspx">strongly held values is inclusiveness</a>; though Al Majmoua's core clientele are women, it also serves lower-income men as well as individuals of “any nationality whether located in rural or urban regions; [it] also serve[s] refugees and reach[es] out to those living in remote areas and Palestinian camps all over Lebanon.” As of October 2015, Al Majmoua had 54,000 active borrowers holding USD 49 million in loans. Fifteen percent of these borrowers are non-Lebanese, including migrant workers, Palestinians, and Syrian refugees. Contrary to some fears that loans to refugees are high risk, as of 2015, each of Al Majmoua's client segments, including the non-Lebanese, has a 30 day portfolio at risk rate below 1 percent.

Al Majmoua offers group and individual loan products for micro- and SME enterprises, information and communication technology (ICT) start-ups, and youth entrepreneurs. It also offers salary-guaranteed loans, home improvement loans, loans to pay school fees for children, and loans for the disabled.

Lessons learned from Al Majmoua on serving refugees

Expect initial staff and leadership resistance, but this can be overcome. Inclusion of refugees challenges stereotypes and preconceived ideas about ‘the other.’ This requires determined drive from the board and senior management. A good first step for institutions is to have an open-ended board discussion on why refugee populations in their country are – or are not – served by their FSP. Institutions might also consider a discussion on ‘why not refugees?’ with their national associations, and can meet with relevant external stakeholders such as protection agencies to get more information on refugee populations. Once the reasons for ‘why not’ are put on paper, a strategy session with management to convert obstacles into opportunities is a great next step.

Solicit and analyze feedback from institutions’ own staff and clients before offering services to refugee populations. Al Majmoua initiated a series of focus group discussions with existing clients to discuss the idea of offering financial services to Syrian refugees. These discussions revealed very significant negativity. A majority of clients feared being outpriced or losing jobs to Syrians willing to work more for less, and they did not think Al Majmoua should “help the competition.” Demand for rental housing was felt to be surging, affecting also rent costs for Lebanese. During 2012, the injection of relief funds in the economy was believed to inflate prices of basic commodities, while the increased demand for goods by refugees was seen to benefit larger businesses (for example, refugees were provided cash or vouchers to use in select, large supermarkets) at the expense of the small stores operated by Al Majmoua’s clients.

Develop and share the business case/strategy to secure buy-in. Developing the business case for serving refugees based on hard data can be difficult to do upfront, due to a big information gap. One path forward is institutions making it a point to compile all the questions and concerns for which they do not have an upfront answer and incorporate these into a ‘feasibility study’ to eventually build a business case that works for all stakeholders. As the business case is developed, it’s essential that all stakeholders are fully informed. For Al Majmoua, a key turning point came when clients and staff felt their concerns were being heard and addressed in the pilot project.

Market research is indispensable. Because culture, language, and traditions among the targeted refugee population differ from those in the host community, and thus also from FSP staff, market research is critical, as adaptation and adjustments to products or procedures may be necessary. Furthermore, market research can help make refugee populations become more visible to the FSP. A recommended starting point is consulting with protection agencies and local authorities, as they can usually assist with numbers, location maps, and basic socio-economic profiles of refugee populations. Al Majmoua suggests that FSPs focus their market research in the value chains where refugees have an advantage, such as in ethnic foods and handicrafts. Further, institutions supporting refugee associations offer another means for learning about and engaging with local populations. Institutions might also create opportunities for repeated informal meetings between refugees and existing clients and staff.

Do not outsource client selection. Protection agencies may refer the most vulnerable refugees, as they prioritize needs, even though FSPs can best serve the working or entrepreneurial poor. The experience of Al Majmoua suggests to not outsource or rely on referrals from other agencies for client selection or appraisals.

Non-financial services are relevant to refugees – and a good entry point. Offering non-financial services can be a great entry point for refugees who are often socially isolated, but  services must be based on actual, specific demand. Involve participants in the design of curriculum and activities, and take the time to find the right trainer - . Include the cost of transport to activities if possible, as transportation can be an access barrier to poor refugees. Finally, institutions should expect tension and be patient. Al Majmoua found that it took an average of two sessions among youth and four sessions among women for non-financial services participants to start feeling comfortable with each other.

Expand inclusive financial products to refugees. There is no need to develop specific ‘refugee products’ and in fact, segregated product access can be counter-productive and cause tension with existing clients. Refugees can perform as well as any other financial services clients, when well segmented and appropriately appraised.

Review and update the risk management regime. Lastly, during the pilot test period of serving refugees, institutions should review their risk management systems and risk mitigation measures to check that these accurately identify and mitigate risks appropriately.

The experience of Al Majmoua in including refugees in its portfolio of financial and non-financial products has been largely positive. The overwhelming message to other FSPs is not to be afraid: Appropriately segmented and appraised, refugees can be as good clients as any national low-income entrepreneur – and sometimes better.

This blog post was adapted by SPTF from the case study on Al Majmoua by Lene Hansen. To read the complete case study, please go to the <a href="http://sptf.info/working-groups/refugee-microfinancehttp:/sptf.info/working-groups/refugee-microfinance">”Refugee Microfinance” page</a> of the SPTF website.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/27/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-azerbaijan-case-study/">Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Azerbaijan Case Study</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2015/06/30/political-risk-is-keeping-microfinance-ceos-up-at-night/">Political Risk Is Keeping Microfinance CEOs Up at Night</a>

Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Al Majmoua in Lebanon

&gt; Posted by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, The Smart Campaign

The following is the second post in a four-part blog series on the financial inclusion of refugees and the internally displaced. The first post can be found <a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/09/20/financial-inclusion-of-refugees-an-introduction/">here</a>.

In 1992, sporadic clashes between ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis in the mountainous region of Nagorno Karabakh erupted into full scale war. By the time a ceasefire was reached two years later, the territory lay under Armenian control, and between 800,000 and 1 million Azerbaijanis were displaced from their homes. Since the end of hostilities, ethnic Azerbaijani internally displaced persons (IDPs) who fled from Armenian-controlled to Azerbaijani-controlled territory have continued to face difficulties accessing economic opportunity. However, a financial sector inclusive to IDPs is emerging, lessening these difficulties and demonstrating that IDPs can be a bankable client segment. 

First, it’s important to distinguish IDPs from refugees. Unlike refugees, IDPs have not crossed an international border when fleeing violence or disaster; they are likely to remain in the same (or similar) cultural, linguistic, religious, and political milieu as the one they fled. It is likely that their documentation and identity is still recognized by the relevant local authorities. Nonetheless, IDPs form a specifically vulnerable population. Across the world, the majority of IDPs continue to lag the rest of the population on most economic indicators. Globally, IDPs are frequently forced to rely on services from informal actors in the grey economy, particularly when the government is the cause of their original displacement. In Azerbaijan and elsewhere, many IDPs <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/protection/convention/4bd7edbd9/azerbaijan-analysis-gaps-protection-internally-displaced-persons-idps.html">rely on government or international assistance</a> for basic provisions and are unable to secure property rights to their government-provided homes. Children of internally displaced persons typically find their schooling interrupted.

To address the financial difficulties faced by the IDP population, the government registers internally displaced Azerbaijanis and provides them with housing and a modest stipend. Additionally, it has put forward numerous schemes to promote IDPs’ self-reliance. While the housing assistance has proved successful in helping alleviate IDP poverty, the economic development schemes have yielded limited results. Because rural IDPs reside in areas far from major towns and near the conflict zone, they face limited opportunities to participate in commerce or trade. Moreover, Azerbaijani IDPs are unable to gain access to the country’s most fertile land, which was claimed and farmed long before they were displaced. As a result, many Azerbaijani IDPs are concentrated in urban and semi-urban areas where arable land is scarce and of poor quality.

While the details of their displacements vary, the vast majority of Azerbaijani IDPs have very limited access to financial services. For the most part, major financial institutions in Azerbaijan consider investing in internally displaced persons to be a risky proposition.

Major financial institutions shy away from providing IDPs with financial products because they require very small loans that have historically been expensive to administer. Often, IDPs lack a permanent or stable income as well as property in their name to use as collateral. Many IDPs suffer serious disabilities that prevent them from working, a legacy of the mine fields circling the conflict area. IDPs disproportionately live in or around the conflict zone, and violent incidents are not uncommon. Basic sanitation and access to energy are often substandard. These challenging conditions take a toll on the population’s health and circumscribe their ability to grow a business. Moreover, financial institutions fear their efforts to enforce collections actions against internally displaced families would die in the courts.

With major financial organizations refusing to provide credit, a number of internationally-funded boutique microlenders have stepped in to fill the gap. Today, 16 percent of IDPs bank with microcredit organizations, compared to 3 percent of the Azerbaijani population as a whole. Using seed capital provided by international non-governmental and development organizations, institutions including Eurasia Credit, Caspian Invest, Caucasus Credit, and Azeristar Microfinance focus on providing small loans for IDPs.

These small financial firms quickly found that IDPs were not as risky as many had suggested. Prior to the recent devaluation of Azerbaijan’s currency, internally displaced clients demonstrated an outstanding recovery percentage – with 98 percent of loans repaid on time. While financial over-indebtedness is a common problem across the country, IDP clients were no more susceptible than other Azerbaijanis. As the price of oil fell and Azerbaijan’s central bank devalued the manat, IDP clients proved that, in some ways, they are the less risky demographic. Since IDPs typically take on far smaller loans, their credit was less likely to be dollarized, leaving them less susceptible to currency fluctuations.

As this Azerbaijani IDP market segment became established, participating financial institutions found that to stay competitive, they had to differentiate themselves by providing exceptional customer service and client protection. Financial organizations began hiring IDPs and training them to serve as branch managers, thereby providing the firm with an internal perspective on the trials and opportunities IDPs faced. By hiring and training community members, financial institutions quickly learned that to succeed, they needed to cultivate the talents of people who culturally knew the communities in which they operated.

Financial institutions serving IDPs in Azerbaijan quickly identified several policies and practices that could be implemented to protect this population. Even more than ordinary Azerbaijanis, IDPs require flexible loans. Given their perceived riskiness, the precariousness of their economic situation, and their limited assets, IDPs face higher interest rates. To compensate, financial organizations offer refugees more flexible products with a variety of repayment schedules and conditions. Agriculture loans are developed with especially accommodating terms to ensure vulnerable farmers are able to meet their obligations. And branches serving IDPs are typically given a greater degree of decision-making autonomy, allowing them to modify and adjust products based on the feedback they receive. Some branches are even empowered to adjust financial products to a particular customer’s needs (within certain bounds).

Readers familiar with <a href="http://smartcampaign.org/">the Smart Campaign</a> will see that the above strategies are closely tied to the <a href="http://smartcampaign.org/about/smart-microfinance-and-the-client-protection-principles">client protection principles</a>. Appropriate Product Design and Delivery, for example, ensures that providers take adequate care to design products and delivery channels so as not to cause clients harm and to take into account clients' unique characteristics. Fair and Respectful Treatment mandates non-discrimination. Mechanisms for Problem Resolution requires recourse mechanisms so that clients who wish to complain can do so and will have their complaints taken seriously and handled responsibly.

While these positive client protection approaches ameliorate the harm caused to Azerbaijani IDPs by financial institutions, IDPs remain a particularly vulnerable client segment. Even though they are unlikely to borrow dollarized loans, the country’s economic downturn, precipitated by a currency devaluation and falling commodity prices, hits them hardest nonetheless. In regions with large refugee populations, Portfolio at Risk has risen to 30 percent. When quizzed about refugees’ unique economic vulnerability, a representative of Azerbaijan’s microfinance association said, “It’s really simple. When Azerbaijan sneezes, the IDPs catch pneumonia.”

Far from being unreliable borrowers, Azerbaijani IDPs have catalyzed a diverse and active industry of microfinance institutions catering to their needs. IDPs have shown themselves willing and able to help their institutions serve them better both by providing feedback to and working with their creditors. Nonetheless, they remain an economically disadvantaged population, highly vulnerable to economic downturns and shut out of the best economic opportunities their country has to offer. If special care is not taken to understand their needs and protect their rights, they risk being left substantially worse off than their neighbors during times of economic trouble.

&nbsp;

Financial Inclusion of Refugees: Azerbaijan Case Study

The majority of Kenyans have mobile money accounts; their activity demonstrates digital financial services’ potential. Accion helps Kenyan innovators harness emerging technologies to create new financial services.

&gt; Posted by Daniel Balson, Lead Specialist for Eurasia and MENA, The Smart Campaign

The following is the first post in a four-part blog series on the financial inclusion of refugees and the internally displaced. 

The unresolved Syrian conflict and the slow collapse of nation-states on Europe’s periphery have brought the topic of refugees back into the media spotlight. Whereas previously, refugees were often seen as a problem of the Global South, events have now brought migrants to Europe’s doorstop, forcing OECD countries to consider new strategies to provide for and integrate this population. Yet as refugee assistance becomes a hot topic once again, old myths and fictions have reemerged. Refugees are often described as highly transitory populations with few marketable skills who will inevitably rely on long-term government assistance. But these stereotypes are frequently inaccurate.

Providers of financial services for the poor can play a critical role in empowering refugee populations. By offering credit, insurance, savings and other products, these providers can help refugees transition beyond reliance on economic assistance programs, achieve independence, and contribute to their host countries. To attain this goal, however, the financial inclusion sector needs to gain a better understanding of the specific challenges and opportunities that refugees face and the financial needs they are likely to have. This is the first in a series of blog posts where we’ll discuss some of these critical questions. What happens when a previously included individual is excluded from the formal financial system? What special vulnerabilities do refugee populations face and what special protections can help ensure that they are not taken advantage of by lenders? How have other countries used financial services to help meet this challenge in the past?

In this post, we discuss two commonly told refugee narratives and explore what we already know about including forced migrants in the formal financial sector.

Myth 1. Refugees are transitory. To begin, how long do refugees typically stay in a refugee camp? It’s a lot longer than most people think. The most commonly quoted statistic (see <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/18/architecture/sean-anderson-moma-refugee-architecture/">CNN</a> and <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dale-buscher/why-refugees-need-to-make_b_256589.html">The Huffington Post</a>) is that the average length of stay in a refugee camp is 17 years. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03wgr2n#play">According to the BBC</a>, this figure comes from a partial misreading of a 2006 report by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), which used the figure to describe the average duration of refugee situations rather than the average duration of refugee encampment. More accurate statistics are hard to come by: the definition of a refugee often depends on the individual or organization deploying it. Nevertheless, while the average stay in a refugee camp may be well under 17 years, it is clear that refugees are far from the transitory population they are often depicted as in the popular imagination.

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Myth 2. Refugees are an economic burden and do not contribute to the local economy. The world currently has the highest number of forcibly displaced people since World War II, but this has not been matched by an increase in pathways to increased economic opportunities for this vulnerable population. Were they to gain access to these opportunities, they could provide a boon for their host countries.

Research has shown that refugees aren’t merely passive victims but are engaged in a wide and diverse array of productive economic activities, leveraging a pool of extensive skills and experiences acquired both in their host countries and countries of origin. Indeed, a <a href="http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/refugeeeconomies">recent report</a> by the Refugee Studies Center at the University of Oxford challenges commonly-held myths that refugees are necessarily an economic burden, are technologically illiterate, and exclusively dependent on international assistance. A <a href="http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/preventing/zetter.pdf">study</a> of the Dadaab Refugee Camp on the Kenya-Somalia border assessed the camp’s economic value at $14 million dollars – a full 25 percent of the economy of the province that hosted it. A <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/101624/benefits-hosting-refugees">joint study</a> by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the UN’s refugee agency, UNHCR, found that, for every dollar invested in refugee assistance, roughly $.50 returns into the local economy through the multiplier effect. This shouldn’t be surprising. Scholars often term war and natural disaster as “social status agnostic;” physicians are as likely to flee violence as manual laborers, though they often do so under different circumstances and in different ways.

Despite their tremendous economic potential, refugees face very specific challenges in securing quality financial products that are rarely encountered by other vulnerable populations. If they were forced to flee conflict or natural disaster, they are likely to have had limited prior preparation. As such, refugees often lack the fixed assets necessary to secure a business or consumption loan, even if they had such assets where they originally lived. While many countries are parties to international agreements that enshrine the refugee’s right to work, refugees often encounter legal obstacles that prevent this right from translating into a reality. Of 15 countries examined by UNHCR, nearly <a href="http://asylumaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/FINAL_Global-Refugee-Work-Rights-Report-2014_Interactive.pdf">45 percent</a> have effectively prohibitive legal barriers to employment for refugees. As a result, refugees are often drawn to black and grey markets, rendering them unable to document income as is necessary to secure a loan. Refugees have little say in where they reside. They often have a limited grasp of the language and culture and minimal experience navigating the bureaucracy in their host country. Finally, refugees are often perceived as a flight risk, and are not trusted by financial service providers to return borrowed funds. In cases where they are able to secure access to financial services, unscrupulous lenders may view them as easy targets for abuse, given their limited access to recourse. Moreover, creditors are rarely interested in arranging a lending infrastructure that can continue to serve refugee populations after they return to their home country. As such, credit scores built up in exile are valueless when refugees return to their countries of origin.

Systemic and concerted research on refugees and financial inclusion is new, and many questions remain unanswered. In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/research/epau/3f978a894/unhcr-refugee-livelihoods-self-reliance-brief-history.html">the UNHCR began to study</a> how refugees could be assisted in a sustainable way. The original plan was to develop large agricultural communities in host countries that, through international aid, would become economically self-reliant and subsequently ceded to the host-country, which would assume responsibility for governance and service provision. This approach proved unsuccessful and was overtaken in the subsequent decade by a focus on emergency response prompted by the collapse of communism and by famine in the Horn of Africa. In the 1990s, UNHCR saw a resurgence of interest in refugee livelihoods and assistance programs built around self-reliance in recognition of the greater prevalence of protracted displacement versus immediate crises. Organizations including NGOs and the UN began to explore how to leverage microcredit to assist refugees and the internally displaced.

In a recent effort to stimulate interest in and understanding of how to offer financial services to refugees, the Social Performance Task Force (SPTF) partnered with the UNHCR to <a href="http://sptf.info/working-groups/refugee-microfinance">design guidelines</a> for financial service providers. In addition to building the skills of financial service providers, the guidelines help dispel myths about refugee populations and encourage the adoption of delivery mechanisms and services that meet this population’s specific needs.

There’s no doubt that the financial inclusion sector is far better informed about providing assistance to refugees today than in the past. Still, major knowledge gaps remain. First, while the research has provided greater clarity on what it takes to sustain financial services for refugees, it has rarely explored how these services are experienced from the perspective of the refugee. Second, the research pays little attention to new products, services and methods of delivery that have emerged in the past few years. Finally, ongoing research has yet to explore how refugee populations can be protected from abuse by lenders, given their specific and unique needs.

This blog series will make a very modest attempt to explore some of these gaps through three follow-on blog posts. The next post will look at Azerbaijan, where the microfinance sector emerged specifically to serve internally displaced persons from that country’s war with Armenia. In a subsequent post, we will speak about Al Majmoua, a pioneering Lebanese institution that provides loans to mixed groups of Lebanese and Syrian refugee women. Finally, we’ll take a look at the future of financial services provision for refugees and consider how new technologies are opening up a world of possibilities for assisting migratory populations.

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Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2014/12/08/smart-certification-the-view-from-azerbaijan/">Smart Certification: The View from Azerbaijan</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/03/31/client-voices-at-the-georgian-parliament/">'Client Voices' at the Georgian Parliament</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/09/financial-inclusion-and-immigration-in-europe-disrupting-identity-norms/">Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe – Disrupting Identity Norms</a>

Financial Inclusion of Refugees: An Introduction

Kathleen Yaworsky

&gt; Posted by <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/experts/darrell-m-west/">Darrell M. West</a>, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/experts/john-villasenor/">John Villasenor</a>, <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/experts/robin-lewis/">Robin J. Lewis</a>

<img class="alignright wp-image-21736" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/brookings.png" width="275" height="351" />On August 4, the Brookings Financial and Digital Inclusion Project (FDIP) team held a <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/events/advancing-financial-and-digital-inclusion/">public event</a> to officially launch the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-2016-brookings-financial-and-digital-inclusion-project-report/">second annual FDIP report</a>. The report aims to assess country commitment to and progress toward financial inclusion across economically, politically, and geographically diverse countries. The 2016 report highlights recent developments across the financial inclusion landscapes of the 21 countries featured in the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-2015-brookings-financial-and-digital-inclusion-project-report/">2015 FDIP Report</a> and provides detailed summaries examining the financial inclusion ecosystems of five new countries: the Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Haiti, and Vietnam.

Together, the FDIP reports serve as a complementary resource to existing financial inclusion literature by providing detailed, annual snapshots of the financial inclusion environment in a diverse array of countries and by measuring country commitment to financial inclusion at the policy and regulatory levels, as well as the robustness of countries’ digital infrastructure and actual adoption of selected traditional and digital financial services.

The 2016 FDIP Report found that many countries across the geographic and economic spectrum are making progress toward financial inclusion. However, key data gaps, regulatory constraints, and capability limitations with respect to usage of formal financial services pose challenges for the acceleration of financial inclusion. Thus, to advance the availability and adoption of affordable, quality financial services, the 2016 FDIP Report highlights four priority action areas for the international financial inclusion community: identifying quantifiable financial inclusion targets; collecting, analyzing, and sharing data germane to countries’ financial and digital ecosystems; advancing enabling regulatory environments for traditional and digital financial services; and enhancing financial capability among consumers.

In order to identify areas of strength and opportunities for growth with respect to the financial and digital ecosystems of our 26 focus countries, the FDIP team produced an <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-2016-brookings-financial-and-digital-inclusion-project-report/">interactive scorecard</a> assessing each country on four dimensions of financial inclusion: country commitment, mobile capacity, regulatory environment, and adoption of selected traditional and digital financial services. The 2016 scorecard metrics feature several enhancements that enabled the FDIP team to hone in on the usage and quality dimensions of financial inclusion among underserved populations.

Findings for the scorecard were based on data collected from publicly available sources, as well as extensive engagement with representatives of national regulatory bodies, private sector entities, civil society organizations, international financial institutions, and other financial inclusion experts. More information on the FDIP scorecard metrics is available in the “Methodology” section of the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-2016-brookings-financial-and-digital-inclusion-project-report/">2016 FDIP Report</a>.

In addition to broadening the geographic diversity of the FDIP focus countries and enhancing the scorecard metrics, the 2016 report devotes particular attention to the unique challenges facing women, refugees, and under-resourced migrants with respect to accessing and utilizing formal financial services. While none of these groups is monolithic, and individual customers’ preferences and cultural contexts should of course inform the implementation of any financial inclusion initiatives, the FDIP team provides several recommendations in the 2016 report to serve as a framework for promoting financial inclusion among these populations.

For example, to address the <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/globalfindex/infographics/infographic-global-findex-2014-gender-income">9 percentage point gap</a> in formal financial account ownership among men and women in the developing world, the 2016 FDIP Report’s recommendations include enhancing sex-disaggregated data collection and analysis; identifying specific targets and strategies for advancing women’s financial inclusion; cultivating public and private sector “champions” of women’s financial inclusion; promoting the development and implementation of digital identity programs that reduce financial access barriers; leveraging digital channels to promote access to formal financial services (e.g., deploying mobile phone-based government-to-person payments); and ensuring products are convenient for women to access and use.

<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2016/2016-06-20-global-trends/2016-06-14-Global-Trends-2015.pdf">The record-high level of forced displacement</a> is another highly salient issue for the global financial inclusion community, as refugees and migrants often face barriers (e.g., language differences and identification requirements) that impede their ability to access and utilize secure, quality formal financial services. To offer a sense of the scale of this phenomenon, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2015 an estimated <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2016/2016-06-20-global-trends/2016-06-14-Global-Trends-2015.pdf">12.4 million people</a> were newly displaced due to conflict or persecution. Turkey, one of the FDIP focus countries, had the largest number of refugees of any country in the world as of 2015, with <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/unhcrsharedmedia/2016/2016-06-20-global-trends/2016-06-14-Global-Trends-2015.pdf">2.5 million people</a>.

The 2016 FDIP Report provides a number of recommendations to ensure that the design and delivery of financial services is conducive to the needs of non-native customers, particularly those who are at the margins of (or outside of) the formal financial system. These recommendations include providing agents at financial access points who speak a language familiar to non-native customers; hiring women as agents; developing policies and programs that target the needs of youth, given that <a href="http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/children-49c3646c1e8.html">over half of the world’s forcibly displaced people are children</a>; and facilitating access to digital identity mechanisms among non-native populations.

For more information on the 2016 FDIP report and interactive, please visit the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-2016-brookings-financial-and-digital-inclusion-project-report/">2016 FDIP webpage</a> and watch the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/events/advancing-financial-and-digital-inclusion/">2016 report launch</a>. Comments and feedback regarding FDIP are welcomed at <a href="mailto:FDIPComments@brookings.edu">FDIPComments@brookings.edu</a>.

Have you read?

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/03/08/in-the-hands-of-women-a-reflection-on-the-gender-gap-in-financial-inclusion/">In the Hands of Women: A Reflection on the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2015/12/04/global-microscope-2015-progress-on-the-financial-inclusion-front/">Global Microscope 2015: Progress on the Financial Inclusion Front</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2016/06/01/arifu-digital-delivery-of-nudges-and-information-in-kenya/">Arifu: Digital Delivery of Nudges and Information in Kenya</a>

Brookings Releases 2016 Financial Inclusion Report

China’s economy has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, with a booming micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) market. There are over 50 million MSMEs in China that collectively account for over 60% of China’s GDP and over 50% of the government’s tax income. These businesses create 80% of total employment in China’s urban areas.

Despite China’s overall economic growth, the need to foster full financial inclusion is still imperative. In 2010, 38 million MSMEs lacked access to formal financial services, forcing them to borrow informally from friends, family, and moneylenders.

<a href="http://partners.wsj.com/metlife/multipliers">MetLife Foundation</a><a href="http://partners.wsj.com/metlife/multipliers"><img class="alignright wp-image-21055" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/china-1.jpg" alt="" width="473" height="315" /></a>’s goal is to improve financial inclusion across its footprint, which includes economically and geographically diverse markets. Ensuring that low- and moderate-income families in these markets can acquire and successfully use the products and services they need to build a better, more secure life is complex and therefore requires innovative solutions that reach different consumers in different ways.

In China, our newest approach to improving the financial health of everyday consumers is through harnessing the power of social entrepreneurs. As part of a broader global push to strengthen ventures and organizations working in the area of financial inclusion, we’ve teamed up with <a href="http://www.goverb.com/">Verb</a> to run a series of competitions, called <a href="http://www.inclusionplus.com/">Inclusion Plus</a>. Beginning on May 19, 2016 we will invite social enterprises (nonprofit and for-profit alike) throughout China that are focused on increasing access and use of financial services among low- to moderate-income people to enter their products, services, or programs for the chance to win grant capital and mentoring from MetLife advisors.

Opening a competition in China meant we needed to better understand the local financial inclusion landscape. We know that the rapid economic growth in China over the past 20 years has been the envy of the world. More surprisingly, however, is that between 2011 and 2014 China made significant strides toward financial inclusion <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/globalfindex">adding around 180 million adult account holders</a>, bringing the number of adult account holders to 79 percent of the population. According to the 2014 Global Findex, these account holders include marginalized groups such as women and poorer rural households, though the bulk of China’s unbanked population resides in rural areas, and over half of whom are women. As such, the Foundation’s focus for the Inclusion Plus competition is on ensuring the unbanked or underserved populations, such as low-wage workers, smallholder farmers, small business owners, and migrant workers have access to affordable and convenient financial services and products which focus on day-to-day financial well-being.

In addition to China’s economic growth story, its rapid decline of poverty is worth noting. Since the 1980s, China’s poverty rate has fallen from <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/">52 percent to around 11 percent</a> as of 2010. This incredible progress comes with the <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/new-accounts-china-drive-global-financial-inclusion-figures">implementation of promising policies</a> for financial inclusion such as banking reforms, policy shifts that give way to new types of financial institutions, and a focus on uptake of bank accounts. New technology-driven solutions have also begun to emerge. These changes contribute to the fact that nearly eight in ten Chinese have a bank account, according to the 2014 Global Findex.

To continue moving the needle on financial inclusion, there are three inter-related opportunities for impact in the near term. 
<ul>
 	<li>Mobile Technology: With more than one billion accounts among the country’s three mobile operators (China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom), China leads the world in mobile phone users. In 2015, over 675 million unique mobile phone users were added. In fact, Chinese FinTech firms now have <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-31/china-fintech-passed-disruption-tipping-point-citigroup-says">more clients</a> than the largest banks. China has leap-frogged many other countries in using digital/mobile payments with <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-31/china-fintech-passed-disruption-tipping-point-citigroup-says">416 million people</a> using online payments systems in 2015 and <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/new-accounts-china-drive-global-financial-inclusion-figures">80 percent</a> of Chinese accessing the internet via mobile phones.  Among those providing these services is Alibaba, a global e-commerce company, which offers its 300 million users a mobile payment tool called Alipay, which allows users to transfer funds or purchase goods. WeChat, a mobile communication service from the investment company Tencent, provides P2P payment services and goods purchase, as well as communication with other users. WeChat had <a href="http://www.thedrum.com/news/2016/02/09/wechat-had-more-mobile-transactions-over-just-chinese-new-year-paypal-had-during">more mobile transactions</a> over the Chinese New Year than PayPal had during 2015. Both of these products lay a solid foundation to understand customers’ needs and behaviors to design and offer a wider range of appropriate, convenient, and affordable financial services.</li>
</ul>
Like much of the developing world, mobile solutions present an affordable means to reach China’s unbanked and underserved populations, who face obstacles to accessing quality financial services. Access to formal credit is difficult and limited; only <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/new-accounts-china-drive-global-financial-inclusion-figures">10 percent</a> of adults borrowed from a bank in 2014. China’s growing FinTech industry – with accompanying regulation to support qualified lenders – holds part of the answer to two of the most marginalized groups – rural households and migrant workers.

<ul>
 	<li><img class="alignright wp-image-21057" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/china-2.jpg" alt="" width="330" height="220" />Rural Inclusion: Though China has made impressive progress toward ensuring a majority of rural adults have a bank account, 234 million Chinese do not have bank accounts. Of these unbanked, <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/new-accounts-china-drive-global-financial-inclusion-figures">71 percent</a> live in rural areas. Being unbanked and operating largely in cash further leaves rural low income populations vulnerable to theft, fraud, and insecurity, and unable to take advantage of the myriad benefits of being included in the formal financial sector, including the ability to borrow. Not for profits have entered this space, including <a href="https://www.accion.org/">Accion</a>, <a href="http://www.positiveplanet.ngo/en/">Positive Planet</a> (in corporation with <a href="http://cfi-blog.org/tag/huimin-microcredit-company/">Huimin</a>, a leading Chinese grassroots MFI) and <a href="http://opportunity.org/">Opportunity International</a>, introducing formal borrowing to compete with the traditional informal lending.  Accion recently launched a new management training program with <a href="http://www.mixmarket.org/networks/cam">CAM</a> and <a href="http://en.cfpa.org.cn/">CFPA</a> to ultimately provide more than one million microfinance clients in China with better services. Scaling up similar approaches will be essential to ensuring appropriate services for the remaining clients who remain outside the formal financial system.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
 	<li>Migrant Inclusion: Internal migrant workers encounter difficulties accessing banking services due to China’s hukou system – essentially a passport for internal travel – which makes accessing employment protection, education, and health care difficult outside of one’s home area. In cities, <a href="https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/CGAP-WMFG-Financial-Inclusion-in-China-Aug-2012.pdf">migrants cannot always open a bank account</a> or get a loan, and they <a href="http://www.mastercardadvisors.com/_assets/pdf/Creating_Higher_Levels_Financial_Inclusion.pdf">often forego their financial accounts</a> when moving from rural areas to urban ones because the products are not portable. Additionally, migrants’ families left behind in rural areas often find their <a href="http://reboot.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/EmbracingInformality_Reboot_2013.pdf">formal social services dwindle</a> as the populations of their villages emigrate to urban centers. In field interviews, Chinese entrepreneurs acknowledged the problem of this large population segment, yet there was no ready solution.</li>
</ul>
In addition to not-for-profit players, China’s government has made financial inclusion a focus of its <a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/publications-a-resources/global-microscope">five-year plan</a>. As part of this plan, an objective of the government is to <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2706524">enhance financial inclusion via digital finance</a> through conducive policies that will support growth and encourage greater innovation. Today, China has become one of the major centers for digital financial services and FinTech and is, in turn, leading the charge toward moving beyond access to customer engagement. While China is relatively well-positioned on usage of accounts, especially savings, there is an opportunity for banks, MFIs, and other providers to collectively adopt customer-centric product design and solve pain points in delivery, access, and utilization. Through our upcoming Inclusion Plus competition, we anticipate seeing even more innovations emerge, which will build on and amplify existing efforts. We look forward to seeing growth and innovation in China, and ultimately the improvements people are able to make in their lives through the use of high quality financial services.

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/09/15/insights-into-an-evolving-peer-to-peer-lending-industry-in-china/">Insights into an Evolving Peer-to-Peer Lending Industry in China</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2016/02/16/why-we-arent-surprised-that-ezubo-the-p2p-lender-in-china-is-a-ponzi-scheme/">Why We Aren't Surprised that Ezubo, the P2P Lender in China Is a Ponzi Scheme</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/07/28/new-surveys-fill-data-void-in-chinas-microfinance-industry/">New Surveys Fill Data Void in China's Microfinance Industry</a>

&nbsp;

Improving Access and Usage of Financial Products and Services in China

MetLife Foundation

Financial Inclusion 2020

Mapping the Invisible Market

Partnership for Responsible Financial Inclusion

&gt; Posted by Brenda Santoro and Ahmed Dermish with Kim Wilson

In uncertain times do developed economies have the resiliency in their financial inclusion processes to withstand rapid change without risking systemic stability and consumer protection?

Modern, nationally integrated systems, high-capacity supervision, and flexible policymaking are helping Germany turn the refugee crisis into an economic opportunity.

The German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, commonly known as BAFIN, this fall relaxed requirements for opening a bank account. The <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-germany-banking-idUSKCN0SM15120151028">new rules</a> allow accounts to be opened with a stamped document from an appropriate German authority, such as BAFIN, along with a picture and personal information. Transitional rules are in effect until the approval of the law, expected this year. A directive in the European Union, which will begin in September 2016, will require similar access to bank accounts across the EU.

Citizens of developed countries may not appreciate the role a bank account plays in providing access to basic financial services. A bank account is more than a place to secure our money – in nearly every country, it provides high social and economic value. When a bank says we are trustworthy, even for a simple bank account, doors open for many services we take for granted such as access to electronic payments, basic utilities, housing contracts, education or small business loans. This works because banks use a vetting process to ensure they know exactly who we are, often referencing a nationally issued document such as a passport or driver’s license. For us, the account becomes another form of identity. For the banks, it ensures the correct people have access to funds. With a passport and a bank account, the world is our oyster, an entrée into other services and for the bank, it is an entrée into cross-selling and more profits as they learn more about us.

However, many refugees (we focus here on refugees, not routine migrants) arrive in Germany without passports or other forms of identity. The Germans have found a work-around to provide basic identification, and thus bank accounts for this previously excluded population. <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/news/germany-a-bank-account-for-everyone-residing-legally-in-the-country-including-refugees">Estimates</a> are that more than 500,000 people in Germany do not have access to a bank account. In contrast, many countries do not provide such simplified access to accounts. Government regulations require intensive background checks and proof of identity. Their interest is to avoid the possibility of money laundering and financial crime.

Because of these barriers, refugees fleeing to the EU are forced to utilize informal channels for moving cash. These channels can be expensive and insecure, putting cash-carrying refugees at extreme risk. Refugees are not only vulnerable but are prevented from establishing themselves financially.

Germany’s solution is intriguing and raises several questions. Has it found a workable alternative to normally restrictive regulations? With more flexible requirements, could innovative technologies further incent financial institutions to provide basic accounts to those with less than air-tight forms of identification? And might we hope that technologies, coupled with lighter government and banking restrictions, will scale banking and other services beyond the refugee population to the many others who are financially excluded? Perhaps we can imagine a time when technologies enabled by lighter regulation contributes to lowering the risk of false identity and illicit activities.

Managing the risk

Germany is a member of the G8 and considered a global leader in financial sector stability. What will the global community of financial sector standard-setters, such as The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland, say about Germany issuing these accounts?

Our opinion is that the standard setting bodies (SSBs) are probably neutral on this issue. Their main concern is market and systemic stability. So how would broadening access to accounts for refugees impact stability?  Refugees brought into the system, under newly relaxed rules, will represent a very limited percentage of the total number of accounts, with limited purchasing power. It’s doubtful that they could have systemic impact.

Let’s presume however that the SSBs are less concerned with stability and more concerned with illicit use of bank accounts. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), BIS and the Committee on Payments and Markets Infrastructures (CPMI) have all settled on a risk-based approach to regulating financial services, particularly when trying to enable innovation that would lead to better financial service access. Governments must clarify how they will mitigate and manage the risk of illicit use. For less developed countries, lowering KYC (Know Your Customer) requirements effectively means acknowledging trade-offs between having a significant population outside the formal system and increasing the risk that the banking system will be used for illicit financing. Lower requirements also means that governments concerned with international security (particularly the U.S.) must determine how they will mitigate the risk of new financial services innovations. Do they quash innovation because they fear it will accelerate illicit activities or do they celebrate it because it will promote more access and improve the lives of the excluded?

Germany, it seems, does not see it this way. For Germany, there is no apparent trade-off. It can (and does!) monitor retail transactions. It has a modern, electronic banking system that enables effective risk management. It has robust supervisory practices. For Germany, only a tiny population poses any risk at all, and there is no reason to believe that broadening access to accounts for refugees will impact systemic stability.  And on the off-chance that it might, Germany has the systems and governance in place to manage the risk.

By making it easy for refugees to transact electronically, Germany can track the movements and livelihoods of a vulnerable population. If you need a basic account to get housing, then the government of Germany not only has control over your funds, they will know where you live and how you transact. From the political perspective of those who fear terrorists entering the country, bringing refugees into the financial system is an elegant way of tracking potential “threats”.

BAFIN’s novel approach explicitly addresses concerns raised by banks regarding anti-money laundering regulations. Regulators assert that providing accounts to refugees in fact combats money laundering as it prevents uncontrolled flows of cash.  Account holders can be vetted and tracked for movement of funds, whereas in a pure cash economy an individual utilizing hidden channels for movement of funds cannot be effectively tracked.

Obviously, there should be a benefit to refugees. Many have liquidated their savings and may be traveling with hundreds or thousands of euro, in cash, on their person. Syria in particular is a sophisticated country with an educated population that has money. Syrian refugees need bank accounts for their own security. Imagine how perilous a refugee camp is without the additional effort required to protect your life savings.

Germany can manage the risk. Refugees need the service. It’s a win-win, and the SSB’s don’t have much reason for concern.

Looking beyond BAFIN

The refugee crisis is not only a “German” problem. Nearly all EU nations are impacted. Can we expect a contagion effect as Germany’s enlightened view cascades across these other markets?

It’s unlikely. Germany has demonstrated a unique political will to have compassion with the refugees. Relaxing the rules suits the needs of the current administration, and given Germany’s sophisticated administrative structures and financial clout, it also has the systems in place to justify its inclusive political positioning.

In contrast, many of the Balkan and East EU states do not have the systems or political will, and their history demonstrates a less welcoming approach to refugees crossing from North Africa. Britain, France, Austria, and Benelux could potentially adopt a similar measure to Germany. They all have substantial immigrant populations and are relatively more centrist. We doubt they will follow closely behind Germany, but perhaps if the program shows success, they may do so. France recently has been making moves to alleviate the situation in the migrant camps in Calais. With winter upon them, all the Northern European countries have an incentive to take a more active approach to integrating refugees. Sweden and perhaps Norway have the systems and possibly political will, but they are often seen as outliers (unfortunately), so it’s hard to say what their influence on other countries might be.

The attacks in Paris and threats in Brussels add an additional dimension to the challenges facing the EU and refugees despite the fact that the Paris attackers were legally residing in the EU. There is more and more pressure to ask questions first and open borders later.

It is unlikely that Germany’s approach towards undocumented refugees will spread. This is unfortunate. We have an opportunity to think more creatively about how we create and manage identity verification, and how our systems can be leveraged to provide opportunities to those without conventional documentation. Governments have a role to play in tempering the fears of the population by using existing systems to demonstrate risk management, turning the unknown into opportunity.

Brenda Santoro is an international financial services executive and graduate of the Fletcher School, Tufts University (any opinions expressed are her own). Ahmed Dermish is a Global Technical Specialist at the United Nations Capital Development Fund. Kim Wilson is Lecturer in International Business and Human Security at the Fletcher School, Tufts University.

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/02/07/financial-inclusion-for-whom-considering-immigration-and-citizenship/">Financial Inclusion... For Whom? Considering Immigration and Citizenship</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/05/23/not-just-migrants-but-their-families-too/">Not Just Migrants, but Their Families Too</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/09/04/combating-refugee-hunger-via-inclusive-finance/">Combating Refugee Hunger via Inclusive Finance</a>

Financial Inclusion and Immigration in Europe – Disrupting Identity Norms

&gt; Posted by Center Staff

This week the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and MasterCard <a href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51779#.VenCsZeUIeC">forged a new partnership</a> to develop inclusive financial systems to support small-scale farmers and lower-income families. The team’s first effort focuses on the Kakuma refugee camp in north-western Kenya, a settlement home to roughly 170,000 refugees who have fled wars and violence in neighboring countries.

The partnership seeks to harness the duo’s respective strengths: FAO in fighting hunger and malnutrition among the most vulnerable and hardest-to-reach, and MasterCard in expanding financial inclusion through digital services. Their initiatives will center on, among other elements, providing credit and cash to households in economically-marginalized communities for the purchase of basic needs and farming inputs.

In the case of Kakuma, the partnership will target the charcoal business chain. Over 1,200 households in Kakuma’s host-community will be provided with improved charcoal making kilns that produce fuel in a sustainable, environmentally-friendly way. In turn, 7,000 refugee households will receive energy efficient stoves, as well as prepaid cards and credit to purchase 25 percent of their annual charcoal needs. The project aims to improve quality of life for refugees, raise incomes of the host-community residents, and reduce social tensions between the residents and the refugees.

Kakuma has hosted the camp since 1992, supporting refugees from more than 10 countries, including South Sudan, Somalia, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Have you read?

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/05/23/not-just-migrants-but-their-families-too/">Not Just Migrants, but Their Families Too</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/08/28/mastercard-partners-with-premier-bank-in-somalia/">MasterCard Partners with Premier Bank in Somalia</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/06/30/political-risk-is-keeping-microfinance-ceos-up-at-night/">Political Risk Is Keeping Microfinance CEOs Up at Night</a>

Combating Refugee Hunger via Inclusive Finance

Mastercard