This year’s Financial Inclusion Week is a chance for our industry to reflect on the purpose and impacts of our work as an industry. At CFI, we're observing trends that make us believe this an important time to reflect on these issues, which is why we’ve chosen the theme “Financial Inclusion: For What?”.

As we described throughout our <a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/program_teams/mainstreaming-financial-inclusion">Mainstreaming Financial Inclusion</a> series, the digital revolution is fundamentally altering how traditional financial service providers and innovative fintechs interact with each other and how they recruit, onboard, serve, and retain customers. The potential opportunities are limitless, but the move to digital also exposes low-income households to new and poorly understood risks.

Simultaneously, the scope of the financial inclusion industry has widened dramatically. Attention and investment once given almost entirely to microcredit is now being shared with cash transfer, savings, and insurance services, and these products are being offered through increasingly dynamic platforms. When used well, the financial ecosystem can be staggeringly important, delivering digital payments to health workers combating Ebola, facilitating life-saving G2P and P2P cash transfers, or providing working capital to small businesses at critical moments. When it works less well, we read about Kenyans racking up unpaid gambling debts financed through mobile money-delivered nano loans.

Financial Inclusion Week is an opportunity to explore this dynamism while reflecting and refocusing our goals as an industry. Why are those of us in this space engaging in this important work? How do our goals inform our perspective on these and other trends? What does it mean if we’re working to different or competing aims? How should we think about success, and what is necessary to ensure we achieve it?
<blockquote>During Financial Inclusion Week events, four possible answers to the question “Financial Inclusion: For What?” will be in focus.</blockquote>
From October 21 to 25, 2019, CFI and partner institutions will be hosting digital and in-person events to explore these questions, and we invite you to <a href="http://financialinclusionweek.org/get-involved">join the conversation</a>. During Financial Inclusion Week events, four possible answers to the question “Financial Inclusion: For What?” will be in focus. We’ll ask leading voices in the industry to debate the merits of these questions and articulate why these objectives should or shouldn’t be the guiding light of the industry.

Financial Inclusion: For What?

Financial Inclusion Week 2019

Consumer Protection

Financial Health

Financial Service Providers

Resilience

Social Performance

Blog Post

When we ask about a household’s financial health, we want to know whether the family is currently managing well and on a positive track for the future. The concept revolves around three core elements: well-functioning day-to-day systems, resilience (the ability to weather shocks), and the pursuit of longer term goals.

CFI and many others in the financial inclusion space have been seeking fast, reliable and convenient ways to measure financial health. Measurement matters because it opens the door to diagnosis of financial problems and points the way toward financial fitness. It matters to policy makers who need to understand major economic and social forces creating or eroding financial health, to financial service providers as they craft products, and to individuals for whom financial health is a continual quest.

So far, our conversations about financial health have focused on individuals and households, and we now have a number of measurement frameworks available, such as CFSI’s eight-indicator “<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/cfsi-innovation-files/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/28024714/Eight-Ways-to-Measure-Financial-Health_Exec.-Summary.pdf">Spend, Save, Borrow, Plan</a>”  for the U.S., or the <a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/beyond-financial-inclusion-financial-health-as-a-global-framework">six indicators</a> CFI developed with CFSI and Dalberg to adapt the concept to the developing world.

A few people have begun looking at a new question: What does financial health mean for small businesses? They have begun to develop frameworks for business which are quite similar to those developed for individuals. For example, both contain indicators on timely payment of financial obligations, manageable debt burdens, and forward planning. This should come as no surprise, because implicit in the financial health concept is the question of whether an economic entity has “healthy” income and cash flow statements and a sound balance sheet. In essence, the frameworks for assessing financial health for any economic entity highlight selected financial statement indicators that correspond to the concepts of daily systems, resilience and pursuit of goals.

But what if the person, family and small business function as a single economic entity, as is true for many of those Accion and the financial inclusion sector serve? Among the millions of micro-entrepreneurs around the world, family and business can be nearly indistinguishable. A shopkeeper employs her teenagers to work behind the counter, where they do their homework between customers; a farmer divides his crop between commercial sales and the family table. In a more developed economy, such as the U.S., the entities are more likely to be distinct, but even so, transactions between them can be very significant, as anyone knows who has calculated the percentage of their home or automobile used for a business on their tax return.

Some of these interactions contribute to financial health, while others detract. Either way, it is likely that the interactions have an outsize influence on financial health, such that looking at the financial health of the household without understanding the financial health of the business (or vice versa) will not yield an accurate picture of either.

Our next challenge is to figure out how to measure financial health of the combined entity, while taking these interactions into account. Believing that it is important for business success to secure the personal financial health of the business owner, <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/cfsi-innovation-files-2018/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/18202224/CFSI_JPMC_Report_CP.pdf">CFSI has begun</a> to examine these interactions in the U.S.

Let’s look at the ways business and household may connect:
<ul>
 	<li>Personal investment to start the business. In the U.S., as elsewhere, personal savings are overwhelmingly the main source of start-up capital. (Household contributes to business.)Business net worth is a major asset for the owner. (Business contributes to household.)</li>
 	<li>Business pays “salary” of owner. (Business contributes to household.)</li>
 	<li>Family members work in the business. (Contributions go both ways if family members are paid.)</li>
 	<li>Savings from the business can be used to cover household emergencies – and vice versa. (Contributions could go either way.)</li>
 	<li>Business supplies household benefits, or relies on household for benefits, including health insurance, pension, etc. (Contributions could go either way.)</li>
</ul>
Many of these interactions could be considered healthy, while others are less so. For example, risks for small business owners are seriously concentrated when both capital investment and daily income depend on the same business. No wonder people often prefer salaried employment! As another example, use of family savings to cover business emergency expenses may be a warning sign of financial stress – even though it could also be a smart coping mechanism.

These are lines of inquiry CFI’s research will investigate, thanks to support from the <a href="https://www.mastercardcenter.org/">Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth</a>. In the context of low income business owners, especially in developing countries, there are some factors that require special attention. They include income volatility, a low absolute level of income or profit, and the existence of multiple income sources in the household. Seeking to define a measurement framework that adequately incorporates the business-household nexus, we will conduct primary research in a couple of countries during the next six months without becoming unwieldy.

Over the years, microlenders have long recognized the interdependence of business and household, and financial educators have given out a lot of advice about separating household and business finances, but there have been few attempts to look specifically at these connections. With this research, we will gain deeper insight into how business-family interdependence shapes the prospects of the business and the well-being of the people who depend on it.

What Financial Health Means for Small Business Owners

<img class=" wp-image-25789 alignleft" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/30784872334_b499dfc281_m.jpg" alt="30784872334_b499dfc281_m" width="88" height="109" /><em>The following is part of an Africa Board Fellowship </em><a href="/series/abf-spotlight/">blog series</a><em> spotlighting the experiences of participants and reflections from industry experts.</em>

In the previous blog in this series, we reframed external challenges as a “normal” part of doing business for financial service providers (FSPs) targeting the base of the pyramid. And based on insights from Africa Board Fellows, we looked at <a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2018/08/09/navigating-challenges-is-what-boards-are-all-about-part-1-anticipating-challenges/">specific ways board members can anticipate and even shape the challenging aspects of their operating environment</a>. However, while most boards have more potential for external influence than they often exercise, there are always external factors that cannot be controlled. Boards must also continually focus on reducing the FSP’s vulnerability and enhancing its resilience<img class=" wp-image-25794 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/31479737602_1ed7a2ba32_k.jpg" alt="31479737602_1ed7a2ba32_k" width="638" height="93" />
<h2>Reducing Vulnerability</h2>
Beyond external awareness and efforts to shape the operating environment, boards can direct their institutions to take internal steps to minimize exposure to external shocks and increase the FSP’s ability to withstand changes in the operating environment. These steps aim to secure adequate financial cushions and human resources to cope with shocks.
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Strategic Planning</strong>: As part of strategic planning<strong>, </strong>the board should review external factors, including client demand, current and future market penetration of its own institution and competitors, and market saturation by area. The strategic plan should include multiple scenarios (e.g., conservative, base case, and optimistic) as well as short, medium and long-term targets. The plan should be reviewed and revised on a regular basis.</li>
 	<li><strong>Capital Adequacy</strong>: Board members bear ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the institution’s capital and liquidity are adequate to surmount whatever disruptions can reasonably be anticipated, and – just as important – ensuring that management takes quick action to cut costs if capital starts eroding. Improvement in the economic environment is often just around the corner, but it can remain around the corner just long enough for the institution to become insolvent and fail. For regulated institutions, regulators set minimum capital adequacy and liquidity ratios, but this does not absolve directors from the responsibility to determine whether additional capital and liquidity would be prudent. Directors can work with management to evaluate how capital and liquidity will be affected in various scenarios.</li>
 	<li><strong>Asset–Liability Management</strong>: Like any financial institution, FSPs are exposed to balance sheet mismatches, such as currency mismatches when borrowing in dollars or euros. While avoiding hard currency loans may not always be feasible, CEOs and board members should scrutinize foreign currency exposure carefully and limit it to levels that the institution can absorb if currency devaluation does occur. To prepare for currency fluctuations, Vision Fund Zambia’s board instituted a policy against foreign currency denominated borrowing, as CEO Nkosilathi Moyo describes in <a href="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/nkosilathi-_moyo_visionfund_final.pdf">this interview</a>. Passing foreign exchange risk on to clients by denominating loans in foreign currency is usually not an effective risk management technique, as most clients are even less able to absorb such risk than the FSP lender.</li>
 	<li><strong>Staff Training and Incentives</strong>: As part of their fundamental responsibility for the viability of their institution, directors must closely scrutinize how management proposes to train and incentivize staff to ensure that they support strong operational procedures that appropriately retain and encourage staff. Staff knowledge and loyalty can be essential in a crisis situation.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Enhancing Resilience</h2>
[caption id="attachment_25799" align="alignright" width="226"]<img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-25799" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/paul-dileo.jpg" alt="Paul DiLeo" width="226" height="250" /> Paul DiLeo[/caption]

Inevitably, with all the best efforts and preparation, some external events cannot be avoided. But this doesn’t mean they cannot be planned for, even if they may take very different forms. Boards can be better prepared to recover from shocks if they take the following steps:
<ul>
 	<li><strong>Board Composition and Training</strong>: Board self-evaluations should be performed on at least an annual basis to ensure the right skills are represented and to identify gaps. Any areas of improvement should be addressed by training, bringing in experts, and field visits to other institutions that have successfully dealt with relevant challenges and opportunities. Proactively taking these steps can help directors be more prepared for the unexpected.</li>
 	<li><strong>Executive Committee of the Board</strong>: The ability to act quickly can be crucial to responding successfully to external shocks. Many boards have directors in far-flung locations, and it may be hard to assemble a quorum. Even when formal decisions are not required, the CEO and senior management will benefit from the counsel and insights of board members. Many boards designate a small executive committee, usually drawn from in-country directors, authorized to take decisions and provide counsel to management between meetings of the full board.\</li>
 	<li><strong>Disaster Planning and Recovery</strong>: Board directors should ensure that contingency plans addressing a variety of common challenges are prepared and kept up to date. These will cover matters ranging from “phone trees” indicating who calls who to confirm staff safety and whereabouts in the event of a natural disaster or security threat, to secure offsite data backup and recovery to succession planning in the event of loss of a key manager. As Resi Janssen of FFSL South Sudan <a href="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/resi_janssen_fssl.pdf">notes</a>, the first priority in a serious crisis is to ensure that staff are safe.</li>
</ul>
FSPs operate in dynamic environments where challenges and opportunities are constantly changing. Board directors with a good understanding of the institution’s strengths and weaknesses and a grasp on the operating environment play a crucial role in helping shape the environment over the medium term, and ensuring that the FSP and its management are resilient and prepared.

<strong>CFI is currently recruiting fellows for the next cohort of the <a href="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/about/what-we-do/africa-board-fellowship-program/">Africa Board Fellowship Program</a>. If you or someone you know is a board member or executive at an Africa-based MFI or financial service provider, we recommend considering this opportunity.</strong>

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Navigating Challenges Is What Boards Are All About – Part 2: Vulnerability and Resilience

Africa Board Fellowship Program

Zambia

Africa Board Fellowship Spotlight

Challenges and Crises

Governance

Microfinance

<em>This post was originally published on the <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/financial-inclusion-glass-half-empty-or-half-full-pt-2">CGAP Blog</a> and is re-published here with permission.</em>

As I stated in my <a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2018/08/09/financial-inclusion-is-the-glass-half-empty-or-half-full-part-1/">previous blog</a> on the debate over the latest <a href="https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/">Findex</a>, we continue to make important progress toward the goal of universal financial access. Progress is uneven and the timeline uncertain, but we have a pretty clear idea of what to do. Unfortunately, the picture is less clear on the important question of usage, and CFI is right to raise high dormancy rates as a concern in its report, “<a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/publications-a-resources/browse-publications/996-financial-inclusion-hype-vs-reality">Financial Inclusion: Hype vs Reality</a>.” As with the access data, however, disaggregating the figures on account usage reveals differences across countries that offer more encouraging signals than the aggregated figures, albeit with one very important caveat.

Findex shows we still have a lot of work to do on usage: 25 percent of account holders in the developing world haven’t used their accounts for a single deposit or withdrawal in the past year (as shorthand, I will refer to these as dormant accounts). Part of the challenge in the Findex data, however, is that backsliding or slow progress in a few big markets is drowning out progress in the rest of the world. The primary reason is India, which is skewing the account dormancy figures significantly because of its large population and extraordinarily high levels of inactivity — at 48 percent of account holders in 2017. If we take India out of the equation, the percentage of inactive account holders in the developing world comes down from 25 to 16 percent.

If, however, we look at the change in dormancy rates for individual countries, rather than the aggregate, a more nuanced picture emerges. Findex collected data on dormant account holders for 87 low- and middle-income countries in 2014 and 2017. Of these countries, 46 saw their dormancy rates go down by an unweighted average of 14 percentage points, 12 saw their dormancy rates go up by an average of 10 percentage points, and 29 had no discernable change (as the difference was within the 3.5 percent margin of error in either direction).

<img class="size-full wp-image-32066 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/gretabullchangesininactivityrates-1.png" alt="" width="632" height="318" />

&nbsp;

But here’s where the caveat comes in. Findex’s dormancy and usage numbers are not quite what they seem. To ensure greater accuracy in capturing mobile money accounts, respondents are not asked if they have a mobile money account; they are asked if they have used a mobile money account in the past year. In other words, Findex counts only active mobile money accounts. For financial institution accounts, respondents are asked if they have an account and then whether they have used it in the past year, so a clear distinction can be made between active and inactive accounts (see the Findex glossary for details). The net effect is to understate the number of account holders added in Sub-Saharan Africa and to overstate the activity rates for these accounts.

Given the prevalence of mobile money in Sub-Saharan Africa, this has a significant impact on Findex’s activity rates for the region. A back-of-the-envelope exercise using GSMA’s supply-side data (which correlate closely with those of Findex), helps illuminate the degree to which this affects Africa’s dormancy data. According to GSMA, there were 338 million registered mobile money accounts in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017. If we add these accounts to the 195 million financial institution accounts from Findex, we can infer that there are roughly 533 million registered accounts in the region (the number of account holders will be lower because of people holding both mobile money and financial institution accounts, which Findex accounts for). This means that roughly 232 million accounts have been added since the last Findex, not the 72 million that you would get from doing the math with the Findex data.

That’s potentially good news, but with this increase in number of accounts comes an increase in the overall inactivity rate in Africa. Roughly 64 percent (216 million) of the mobile money accounts reported by GSMA were considered inactive. If we combine the GSMA and Findex data on inactivity, the 2017 dormancy rate in Sub-Saharan Africa shifts from 13 percent of account holders (in Findex) to 49 percent of accounts (combining the two data sets). This adjusted dormancy rate is now roughly equivalent to dormancy rates in India and represents a significant increase from the inferred rate in 2014 of 41 percent (again, based on accounts, not account holders). This adds approximately 129 million dormant accounts back into the global total, raising our developing country dormancy rate sharply back in the direction of the 25 percent mark.

<img class="size-full wp-image-32067 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/greta-bull-financial-accounts-dormancy-rates-1.png" alt="" width="629" height="255" />

The point of this exercise is not to provide an exact estimate of dormancy rates in Africa, but to demonstrate that we have a pretty serious usage challenge and that it is concentrated in India and Sub-Saharan Africa, where the denominator of new accounts has grown the most. Not coincidentally, they are also the two regions with the highest rates of extreme poverty. India increased access to accounts from 53 to 80 percent of adults from 2014 to 2017, adding 290 million account holders. In Africa, we have inferred that 232 million accounts were added in the same period. If the Africa data are normalized for inactivity, then India and Africa together would account for roughly 77 percent of all people accounts added between 2014 and 2017. But a large portion of them are inactive. It seems intuitive that, with the addition of accounts at this pace, there might be a delay between opening an account and using it, but we will have to wait until the next Findex to properly test this assumption.

CFI is right to point out dormancy as a problem, but it missed a big part of the challenge in its analysis: high dormancy in Sub-Saharan Africa, which barely registers in Findex, and the fact that mobile money accounts are measured differently means it is difficult to compare inactivity rates across regions. But I am not sure this means we should ignore the registered account numbers entirely, as CFI suggests. They are important because they show progress in giving people access to accounts. But activity rates matter, too, and the clear challenge now is to stimulate usage of those accounts in Africa and South Asia. This is a more complex undertaking because it involves behavior changes for new account holders and the testing of different value propositions for providers — and both of these challenges take time to address. But there are hints about how this can be done. GSMA, in its latest <a href="https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GSMA_2017_State_of_the_Industry_Report_on_Mobile_Money_Full_Report.pdf">State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money</a>, focused on four factors that are closely associated with high activity rates: a robust agent network, enabling mobile money regulation, a digital account-based model and providers serving as integrated platforms for the wider payments ecosystem. It provides the example of MTN in Ghana, where activity rates went from 7 percent in June 2012 to 73 percent in June 2017. Understanding the factors that created the change at MTN in Ghana will provide valuable insights into what it will take to move inactivity rates, which have been stubbornly sticky in the mobile money industry since 2011.

Beyond overall account dormancy, the CFI report raises interesting questions about important use cases that deserve brief examination — savings, credit and payments.

On savings, it is disappointing that the number of survey respondents in developing countries who reported saving in the past year came down from 53 percent in 2014 to 43 percent in 2017. Unfortunately, Findex doesn’t tell us why this might be happening. While customers not perceiving the value of their accounts is one possible explanation, factors like inflation, the availability of alternatives, economic stagnation or other disruptions could be affecting the amount of money people are able to save. What is encouraging is that more of those who did save used a financial institution: this figure grew from 42 percent in 2014 to 47 percent in 2017.

On credit, I am more sanguine for a couple of reasons. First, we can’t draw any real conclusions from the Findex data. For developing countries, the number of respondents who reported borrowing in the previous year dropped from 47 to 44 percent, which is just outside the margin of error for the sample size and not a particularly strong signal. And Findex may or may not capture data on credit provided via mobile money accounts, depending on whether people consider this a loan, so it is potentially missing some digital credit borrowing. But more to the point, credit is a financial product where more isn’t necessarily better. The main constraint to accessing credit shouldn’t be whether someone has an account. It should be whether they can afford it.

Digital payments are the real story in Findex, and it is no surprise that this number is going up. Many accounts in places like India and Africa were established expressly to facilitate payments. In the developing world, the proportion of respondents who reported sending or receiving a digital payment in the past year went from 32 to 44 percent, and this growth was consistent across all markets. It makes sense. Just think about the way you use your bank account: you might save, and you may or may not have a loan for a house or a car, but you almost certainly make regular payments from your account. A mobile or low-value bank account in many ways mimics a current account. It is a store of value from which payments can be sent and received. You don’t expect to get a return on it, but you might use it to help establish a credit rating.

Payments seem to me to be a foundational product, especially for people with very little money, who may not have enough to save consistently and may not be creditworthy. Comparing payments usage in developing countries to high-income OECD countries puts this issue in perspective. In high-income OECD countries, 92 percent of respondents reported making or receiving a digital payment in the past year. The figure for low income countries was only 26 percent, a gap of 66 percentage points. The usage gaps between OECD countries and low-income countries was less pronounced for both savings and credit (45 and 49 percentage points, respectively). This is primarily because credit and savings products were not as widely used in rich countries as payments: only 56 percent of account holders reported saving in a financial institution in the past year, and only 20 percent borrowed from a financial institution (although this rose to 57 percent when credit cards were counted). The concept of “universal usage” is best applied to payments services rather than the other financial services where customers’ needs are more varied.

<img class="size-full wp-image-32068 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/greta-bull-usage-gap-oecd-and-low-income-1.png" alt="" width="617" height="365" />

For me, the jury is still out on usage. We have seen massive growth in accounts in the past three years, but dormancy rates have remained stubbornly steady, particularly in markets with rapid account growth. The trick will now be to activate all of those newly opened accounts, and we will have to wait until the 2020 Findex (and perhaps beyond) to understand whether we are simply dealing with a time lag or whether we have a bigger problem on account usage. What I would expect to see is a gradual improvement in activity rates for accounts in India and Sub-Saharan Africa, and payments will be key to that story. Payments are a gateway use case. Over time, they can create a foundation for other use cases to emerge through improved data on customer activity and by creating trust in formal financial services.

But we should not necessarily expect to see other use cases grow in proportion to payments, not least because it takes time to build data trails and the level of trust required for more habitual use of financial services. Nor should we expect it to happen quickly. Financial inclusion, as opposed to just financial access, is and has always been a long-term endeavor.

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Financial Inclusion: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? (Part 2)

Sub-Saharan Africa

Global Findex

Access Usage Gap

Credit

Digital Credit

Digital Financial Services

Enabling Environment

Mobile Banking

Saving

Trends

<i>This post originally appeared on the <a href="https://nextbillion.net/does-greater-inclusion-lead-to-financial-health/">NextBillion Blog</a> and is re-posted here with permission.
</i>
What conditions create physical health? We know more now than we ever have—working out, eating lots of vegetables and limiting alcohol intake seem to be healthy decisions. But there is no one agreed-upon set of conditions for physical health and wellness. Rather, there is a body of literature that provides clues about different aspects of health. For instance, nutrition literature makes it clear that broccoli is a better food choice than bacon, and data shows us that doing yoga is healthier than watching TV.

In the same way, the new <a href="http://news.gallup.com/reports/233399/gallup-global-financial-health-study-2018.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gallup Global Financial Health Study</a> gives us additional language and data to understand more about what drives different aspects of financial health. No single perspective on financial health constitutes a definitive “theory of everything,” but the new Gallup data contributes significantly to our understanding of how to make financial inclusion work for customers. This dataset comes at the perfect time—right on the heels of the <a href="https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Findex</a> launch—and with it, we can start to ask ourselves with humility if financial inclusion is leading to financial health.
<h3>An Unprecedented Look at Personal Finance</h3>
First, some background about the Gallup survey. The financial inclusion field has benefited greatly from excellent surveying and reporting, from <a href="http://financialdiaries.com/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener">financial diaries projects</a> in <a href="http://www.usfinancialdiaries.org/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">multiple countries</a> to huge global databases such as the World Bank’s Global Financial Index, or Findex, which gathers and analyzes sex- and age-disaggregated data on account ownership, transaction patterns, account dormancy and much more. MetLife Foundation, in partnership with Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, wanted to know even more: the first-hand perspectives of individuals’ financial situations as they experience them.

So MetLife Foundation partnered with Gallup, one of the global leaders in polling and surveys, to get a deeper understanding on several points: how financially secure people are (or are not), the predictors of financial insecurity, and the degree to which people perceive that they have control over their financial lives. Gallup surveyed more than 15,000 people in 10 very different countries, across a range of economies, between January and March 2018 to take an unprecedented look at personal finance and how people perceive their situation.

To gauge <em>financial security</em>, the Gallup pollsters asked two simple questions: first, how long respondents could cover their basic needs (through savings or by selling assets) if they lost their income; and second, whether making repayments against debts does or does not make it difficult for them to pay for other things they need. We recognize of course that financial security is a complex and contextual phenomenon: A person with the same level of income and assets might be financially secure in one country but insecure in another, depending on available social protection safety net services and a host of other variables. Gallup chose those two simple but powerful questions in order to maintain comparability across 10 survey countries (Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Greece, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States and Vietnam) that had been chosen for their diversity.

<em>Financial control</em> is the extent to which people perceive that they are in control of and can influence their financial situation. In the Gallup survey, financial control levels are measured as the percentage of respondents who gave a positive response to at least eight out of the 10 dimensions below.<strong> </strong>
<h3><b>Dimensions of Financial Control</b></h3>
<ol>
 	<li>Do you think that no matter what you do, your financial situation will stay the same?*</li>
 	<li>Do you think that you can overcome any financial problem that you might face?</li>
 	<li>When you spend money on something you don’t need, do you usually regret the decision later?*</li>
 	<li>Have you tried to save money in the past, but been unable to do so?*</li>
 	<li>Do you avoid thinking about how you are going to pay for things in the future?*</li>
 	<li>Do you think you will EVER be able to pay back all the money you owe?</li>
 	<li>Do you enjoy planning what you are going to do with your money in the future?</li>
 	<li>Are you satisfied with how much input you have in financial decisions in your household?</li>
 	<li>If you had a financial emergency today, such as a medical emergency, do you think you would be able to find the money to pay for it?</li>
 	<li>Do you have people in your life who can help you financially if you ever need it?</li>
</ol>
*Reverse-scored item.

Finally, to derive predictors of financial insecurity, the Gallup survey cross-tabulated self-reported financial insecurity with demographic data (age, sex, education level, marital status) and with the self-reported degree of perceived financial control to see what patterns might emerge. To dig into all of these indicators (and others), see the full dataset <a href="http://news.gallup.com/reports/233399/gallup-global-financial-health-study-2018.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.

In an initial analysis full of surprises, two of the biggest were these: The relationship between account ownership and perceived financial control is weak at best. (See Figure 1). And especially in the emerging markets—places where the financial inclusion community has focused the most attention—people’s access to financial services appears to have little correlation with financial security. (See Figure 2)

In Kenya, for example, 82 percent of people have an account, but only 9 percent are financially secure. And in Bangladesh, 50 percent of people are financially included (that is, have an account), but just 7 percent are financially secure. Even in the United States, which also spends significant philanthropic and government funds to increase financial health, only 33 percent are secure despite the fact that 93 percent have an account.

<em>Figure 1: Account Ownership and Perceived Financial Control</em>

<img class=" size-full wp-image-25662 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/figure-1-acct-ownership-and-percd-control.jpeg" alt="Graph of account ownership and perceieved financial control." width="720" height="540" />

<em>Figure 2: Account Ownership and Financial Security</em>

<img class=" size-full wp-image-25663 aligncenter" src="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/fig-2-account-ownership-and-financial-security.jpeg" alt="Graph of Account Ownership and Financial Security" width="720" height="540" />
<h4><span style="color: #ff6600"> </span></h4>
<h3>The Implications for the Financial Inclusion Agenda</h3>
So, does this mean we should give up on financial inclusion? No. This research is a point-in-time assessment and would benefit from being repeated across a wider set of countries and over a longer period, to see how trends in account ownership and financial control and security relate. In addition, account ownership does seem to make clients happy – in response to the survey’s question, “Overall, do you think that using the services of a bank or other financial institution improves your life?” most account owners (bank and mobile) responded positively. That might mean that they appreciate saving time by avoiding queuing to pay simple bills, or by sending or receiving money quickly to and from loved ones.

But though these benefits can be useful, they are not the ultimate goal of financial inclusion. Worse, these findings could also mean that it’s easier to borrow or spend for frivolous things or to lay bets on sports games, which would likely do little to increase feelings of control, and would certainly not boost financial security.

Further, financial inclusion has always been an overly simplistic term. Virtually all definitions of financial inclusion stress the importance of low-income people using a full suite of financial tools that enable them to manage daily cash flows, save and plan for the short and long term, take advantage of opportunities, and protect against risk. Inclusion and account ownership are just the tip of the spear and perhaps have been too much the focus in the field to date.

The balancing act in this field has always been between two related goals. On the one hand, there’s the need to identify the most efficient way to reach the largest possible number of low-income people. And on the other hand, there’s the need to make those products as useful and custom-tailored as possible, enabling clients to grow their businesses, improve their ability to send their children to school, obtain timely medical care, or otherwise respond effectively to their individual life circumstances.

Although much necessary work has been done to walk back the previous over-hyping of microcredit as a silver bullet for poverty alleviation, it seems unwise to over-correct and limit our focus to inclusion, without keeping in mind the intended outcomes. Perhaps it’s time for those of us working in this field to expand our views beyond basic financial tools and to expand or renew our focus on the quality of those tools and the outcomes they enable. Our current nomenclature is not clear or reflective of our shared goals.
<h3>What Comes Next?</h3>
MetLife Foundation requested that Gallup make the dataset publicly available. Gallup has enthusiastically encouraged researchers to use the data and share the results. The Center for Financial Inclusion team is planning to dig through these 15,000 survey responses and produce a brief later this summer, to highlight what the data says about the relationship between financial services use, attitudes toward these services, and financial health. For this deep dive, the subjective nature of the survey—which focuses on perceptions rather than empirical data—presents challenges but also an opportunity to understand the client perspective.

For MetLife Foundation, we want to make sure that our efforts remain ultimately focused on the point of it all: building the capacity of more people around the world to live financially healthy lives. As with physical health, the thinking about financial health is evolving: Different ideas and assumptions from our field will certainly join the food pyramid and other examples of discarded conventional wisdom in the archives of outdated theories. Our job is to continue learning and supporting others to keep doing their best work, too.

This data on financial control and security offers the industry one lens into financial health and wellness—in the same way the Apple Watch might provide a different behavioral nudge toward fitness than the Fitbit or Garmin. With all of these different approaches, we can build an inclusive world that works better to enable positive financial outcomes for end-users. We’re excited to see how this data adds to and catalyzes this conversation on financial health, and we look forward to seeing where these new observations take our industry.

Download the Gallup dataset <a href="http://news.gallup.com/reports/233399/gallup-global-financial-health-study-2018.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Does Greater Inclusion Lead to Financial Health? New Research Raises Pointed Questions for the Industry

MetLife Foundation

Kenya

South Asia

The World Bank's Global Findex is the most comprehensive database on how people access and use financial services in 150 countries across the world. In <em>Financial Inclusion Hype vs. Reality</em>, we examine the Findex data from our own perspective, seeking to deconstruct what it's telling us about financial inclusion progress.

This report spotlights key financial inclusion indicators, including account usage, borrowing, saving and resilience, among others, and takes an in-depth look at six countries that help tell the story of financial inclusion progress around the world. In short, we find that after correcting for account dormancy in developing countries, account growth has slowed, the access-usage gap is widening, credit is flat and savings is declining. A bright spot, however, is the proliferation in the use of digital payments.

The Findex analysis is sobering, but financial inclusion, while further away than expected, is still an achievable goal. We hope the financial inclusion community will use the 2017 Findex results to reconsider how financial inclusion initiatives are affecting usage, products and financial well-being, and to re-engage with eyes wide open as we continue pursuing the important tasks at hand.

Financial Inclusion Hype vs. Reality: Deconstructing the 2017 Findex Results

Citi Foundation

Report

Together, the mobile industry and the financial services community have the power, and the opportunity, to put billions of people on the path to financial inclusion. Steve Polsky of Juvo talks here about getting the the <em>how</em>, the <em>why </em>and the <em>when</em> in place.

&gt; Posted by Steve Polsky, Founder and CEO, Juvo

[caption id="attachment_24443" align="alignright" width="490"]<img class="wp-image-24443 size-large" title="Juvo" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/juvo-be-bold-for-change.png?w=490" alt="Juvo Be Bold for Change Report Cover" width="490" height="276" /> During the Mobile World Congress Americas in September 2017, Juvo held its inaugural Be Bold for a Change event with mobile and fintech leaders in San Francisco. Photo credit: Juvo[/caption]

Thanks to World Bank, we all know the numbers: two billion unbanked people around the world, excluded from formal financial services. Thanks to the United Nations, we have a global rallying cry with the Sustainable Development Goal and that financial inclusion is the enabler for seven of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. And thanks to the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion’s initiative <a href="http://financialinclusionweek.org/">Financial Inclusion Week</a>, we also know that dozens of companies are committed to improving the lives of billions of people around the world.

But in the same way that no man (or company) is an island, no single industry can financially include billions of people. Financial institutions have the technology and services to change the way people borrow, save, insure, send and lend money in emerging markets; however, even an industry of the scale of the financial system doesn’t have the reach to change the world as quickly as the UN Sustainable Development Goals demand.

The only industry with that reach is the mobile industry. And as mobile operators around the world begin to embrace the maxim “doing good is good for business,” likewise they’re becoming cognizant that while they may have the reach, they may not have the technology and services to drive sustainable financial inclusion.



In September, <a href="https://juvo.com/">Juvo</a>, redoubled its efforts to bring mobile and fintech together for good. We held our inaugural event:  Be Bold for A Change  focused on <em>How Fintech and Mobile Can Deliver Financial Inclusion for All</em>. I joined  <a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fin%2Fronsuber%2F">Ron Suber</a>, the “Mayor of Fintech”, <a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fin%2Fjamesmcelvanna%2F">James McElvanna,</a> VP of Product at Cable &amp; Wireless  and Chris Berry, co-author of McKinsey’s<a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fglobal-themes%2Femployment-and-growth%2Fhow-digital-finance-could-boost-growth-in-emerging-economies"> Digital finance for all: Powering inclusive growth in emerging economies</a>  to discuss how, why and when telcos and financial services companies should work together. Three things shone through:
<h3><strong>1) The How: Meeting Customers Where They Are</strong></h3>
Around 80 percent of all mobile users globally use prepaid services. At the same time, only one in 10 unbanked people with a mobile phone are using mobile money services.

One of the biggest obstacles to financial inclusion is building trust with the customer. Some individuals don’t understand or trust financial products. They need education that puts mobile services into context and explain how they work. This is best achieved with a stepping stone approach, something we are doing with Cable &amp; Wireless in the Caribbean.

James McElvanna explained that a few years ago, Cable &amp; Wireless decided it wanted to build a better picture of these customers. James and his colleagues started by “meeting customers where they are” with tangible benefits, like helping when they’ve run out of airtime. In that moment, extending a small airtime credit loan, with zero fees and interest, helps the customer fix an immediate problem. It lays the foundation for a trusting relationship, which is deepened as more loans are taken and repaid.

And it’s the start of a new story, the creation of a credit history. In a short time, Cable &amp; Wireless and Juvo can build financial identities for financially excluded customers. Starting with simple credit extensions, we can understand which customers will make reliable clients for more sophisticated financial services offered by financial institutions. And, critically, it can take them on that journey leveraging the trust they’ve built together.
<h3><strong>2) The Why: Enabling Financial Resilience</strong></h3>
[caption id="attachment_24445" align="alignright" width="273"]<img class=" wp-image-24445" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/juvo-hurricane-levels.jpg" alt="Hurricane storm surge elevations pole" width="273" height="416" /> Hurricane Irma made landfall in Anguilla as a Category 5 hurricane on September 5, 2017.<br />Photo credit: Mr.TinDC (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)[/caption]

Financial resilience helps<strong> </strong>people meet unexpected financial demands and mitigate financial shocks. It’s one important difference between the haves and the have nots. With access to more sophisticated financial services, the unbanked can build this resilience — securely saving, with the ability to move money and have access to credit when it’s needed.

Mobile operators provide the channel to reach these individuals when more traditional communication channels are unavailable. For example, during Hurricane Irma, Cable &amp; Wireless provided access to airtime loans via mobile to allow their customers to stay connected when catastrophe struck. Getting service — for up to a month of data and voice usage — was frictionless. Users didn’t have to visit a retailer or an agent, which would have been difficult or impossible at the time. As a result, borrowing spiked significantly and customers experienced resilience.

This is just the start. With a financial identity and a convenient channel that works in even the most dire circumstances, the opportunity to support financial resilience is a giant leap towards financial inclusion.
<h3><strong>3) The When: The Time Is Right Now</strong></h3>
Ron Suber pointed<strong> </strong>to<strong> </strong>the 50-year innovation cycle, an interesting concept that has been observed for TV, cars, radio and now mobile devices. Fintech started in 1998 with PayPal. A decade ago, companies like Lending Club and Prosper gave people reasons to borrow and lend online. We’re now 17 years into the fintech innovation cycle, and we’re heading into the <a href="https://medium.com/r/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crowdfundinsider.com%2F2017%2F10%2F123244-ron-suber-golden-age-fintech%2F">“golden years.”</a> Banks, fintechs and telcos are all figuring out how to more effectively engage with customers–for growth, retention, higher customer lifetime value and social good. The major opportunity, Ron believes, is that fintech can provide access to sophisticated banking services for the underbanked with convenience, and at a far lower cost.

Incumbents are now partnering with tech companies in this new era because of global needs. Ron predicts that a whole new group of companies passionately focused on financial inclusion will emerge in the near future, some with the capability to bridge industries and make them more than the sum of their parts. This, he argues, could not have happened three, five or 10 years ago. It’s a unique moment in time — a moment when industries can come together like never before.

[caption id="attachment_24447" align="aligncenter" width="490"]<img class="size-large wp-image-24447" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/juvo-steve-ron-james.jpg?w=490" alt="Steve Polsky, Ron Suber, James McElvanna at Be Bold for Change 2017." width="490" height="326" /> Steve Polsky, Ron Suber, James McElvanna at Be Bold for Change 2017. Photo credit: Juvo[/caption]

The mobile industry has demonstrated the reach to change the lives of billions of people around the world. But it’s only by working with the financial services community that the industry can contribute to achievement of UN’s Sustainable Development Goals through financial inclusion. Our two industries have the power, and the opportunity, to put billions of people on the path to financial inclusion. With the <em>how</em>, the <em>why </em>and the <em>when</em> in place, it’s time to be <strong>bold for change</strong>.

<em>Juvo is a San Francisco-based fintech company working to enable hundreds of millions of consumers around the world to build financial identities, starting with their everyday use of their prepaid mobile phone. Republished with permission.
</em>

A Team Sport — Three Reasons Why Mobile Telcos and Financial Institutions Will Drive Financial Inclusion Together

Telcos

<em>This post originally appeared on the <a href="http://www.ifmr.co.in/blog/2017/09/19/the-nature-of-financial-advice-for-low-income-households/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ifmr+%28IFMR+Blog%29">IFMR Trust Blog</a> and is re-posted with permission.</em>

By <a href="http://www.ifmr.co.in/about-us/management/bindu-ananth/">Bindu Ananth</a>

I was at an excellent <a href="http://financelawpolicy.umich.edu/behavioral-finance-symposium/">behavioral finance conference</a> organized by the Michigan University’s Centre on Finance, Law &amp; Policy last week. One of the panels on investor protection debated issues including the impacts of disclosures, choice architecture and social norms marketing on investor behavior. There was also an interesting discussion on role of advice and advisors in de-biasing investors or exacerbating weaknesses.

In the audience Q &amp; A, in response to a question on the role of financial advice for low-income investors, one of the panelists responded that failures in the market for advice were less of an issue here since by and large, the right answer in most cases is just “save more for the future.” I found myself disagreeing with this notion strongly and one more reminder that the field of household finance has failed to examine the financial lives of low-income families in sufficient detail. In this post, I attempt to share from our KGFS work what are some of the other important aspects where advice seems to matter.



One, given that human capital (NPV of net lifetime earnings) dominates financial capital (wealth) for a low-income household, all of the issues around protecting that human capital is critical because that might make the difference between bankruptcy &amp; resilience in the face of illness/accident/death. Most advice tends to focus on investments and the portfolio allocation question and surprisingly, pays little attention to insurance. <a href="http://www.cfapubs.org/doi/pdf/10.2470/rf.v2007.n1.4580">Ibbotson et al</a> (2007) provide a comprehensive framework to understand how human capital interacts with investment and insurance decisions. With limited resources, which members of the household should buy insurance? How much insurance should you buy? We find these are important aspects where households benefit from good advice. Specifically, insuring young, adult members of the household for the full value of their human capital is an important step. (One dilemma we faced was that a significant investment in increasing human capital that is made by households is higher education for children. The return to this investment depends greatly on the specific program and employability potential. We did not have the expertise to advise clients on this aspect but it feels like an area closely linked to the role of a financial advisor in this context)

Second, low-income households are typically saving and borrowing simultaneously despite a significant wedge between lending and savings rates (upwards of 20% most times). We don’t understand very well the determinants of this behavior. Clearly, it is not always the right answer to save. High rates of return on micro-enterprises have been <a href="http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/DeMel%20McKenzie%20Woodruff%20(2008)%20-%20Returns%20To%20Capital%20In%20Microenterprises%20Evidence%20From%20A%20Field%20Experiment.pdf">documented</a> by Christopher Woodruff and others. Often it makes sense for households, particularly with surplus labor to borrow to put together the initial capital required to undertake such enterprises. Similarly, households with low but stable cash-flows (the village municipal worker, for instance) may find it reasonable to borrow to build a house rather than wait to save up for the same. Working with the household to determine when to borrow and when to save and even combination strategies such as save for the down payment or borrow to save strategies could be very valuable interventions.

Third, the balance sheet of a low-income household has a combination of physical and financial assets. Physical assets such as land and gold dominate. On the liabilities side, there is a combination of formal and informal loans of different maturities. It requires serious skill to arrive at the APR of some informal loans! Which loans to refinance now that advances in financial inclusion are making formal credit more accessible? Which assets may be “dud assets” (ex: a piece of land that is not being cultivated) that could be sold to bring down debt burden? Which loans have a repayment structure that adds to the financial stress of the household? Working with the household to arrive at this comprehensive “balance sheet view” seems like an important role of an advisor.

Of course, there are significant challenges in converting advice into action and requires more careful work and business model experimentation. Equally, careful research and creating the building blocks for good advice for low-income households is also necessary and cannot be extensions of existing advice frameworks. The myth that these households have simple problems that require simple fixes &amp; simple products needs to be challenged by researchers and pioneering providers.

The Nature of Financial Advice for Low-income Households

Insurance

Over the course of 2016, CFI collaborated with project leads from the Center for Financial Services Innovation (CFSI) and Dalberg’s Design Impact Group (DIG) to evaluate hypotheses, conduct field research, convene thought-leaders, and test assumptions, all for the purpose of determining the validity of financial health as a core concept internationally. The teams worked to understand the necessary adaptations such a model would require across borders, as well as the opportunities and use cases for such a framework.

This report presents results of these efforts, finding that the core financial health framework resonates with consumers, practitioners, providers, and funders both in the U.S. and in the developing world.

This report is authored by Tanya Ladha, Kaitlin Asrow, and Sarah Rotman Parker of the Center for Financial Services Innovation (CFSI), and Elisabeth Rhyne and Sonja Kelly of CFI.

Beyond Financial Inclusion: Financial Health as a Global Framework

Dalberg Design Impact Group

Financial Health Network (formerly CFSI)

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

India

<em>&gt; Posted by Center Staff</em>

<a href="http://newsfeed.financialinclusion2020.org/"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-19628" style="border: 1px solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/10-5-fi2020-news-feed.png" alt="" width="615" height="330" /></a>The latest edition of the <a href="http://newsfeed.financialinclusion2020.org/">Financial Inclusion 2020 News Feed,</a> our weekly online magazine sharing the big news in banking the unbanked, is now available. Among the stories in this week’s edition are: the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly held a side event last week on youth financial inclusion; the Microfinance Gateway spotlighted resilience, for both households and financial institutions, in the realm of financial inclusion; and the Global Banking Alliance for Women (GBA), in collaboration with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and Data2XCARE, released a report on the value of data to women's financial inclusion. Here are a few more details:
<ul>
 	<li>The U.N. General Assembly side event focused on the importance of financial inclusion for youth, including youth entrepreneurs, and it was asserted that the energy and dynamism of young people will be integral in achieving the newly adopted 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Fifty-four percent of youth between 15-24 don't have a bank account.</li>
 	<li>Resilience, or the ability to anticipate, adapt to, and/or recover from adverse situations, is a key lens for considering financial inclusion. Microfinance Gateway's spotlight shares industry work on resilience from Freedom from Hunger, ILO, IMF, Making Finance Work for Africa, Microinsurance Network, and MicroSave.</li>
 	<li>GBA, IDB, and Data2XCARE's new report, based on interviews with over 50 financial inclusion stakeholders, makes the case for sex-disaggregated data - how this data could inform better policies and private sector action - and discusses the challenges to its collection and use.</li>
</ul>
For more information on these and other stories, read the latest issue of the FI2020 News Feed <a href="http://newsfeed.financialinclusion2020.org/">here</a>, and make sure to subscribe to the weekly online magazine by entering your email address in the right-hand menu so you can be notified when the latest issue comes out.

Have you come across a story or initiative you think we should cover? Email your ideas to Eric Zuehlke at <a href="mailto:ezuehlke@accion.org">ezuehlke@accion.org</a>.

Youth at the U.N., Resilience, Data and Women's Financial Inclusion – The Latest FI2020 News Feed

Investors

Financial Inclusion 2020

Alternative Data

Women

Youth

Elisabeth Rhyne

Managing Director

Eric Noggle

Senior Research Director 

Evelyn Stark

Greta Bull

Kaitlin  Asrow

Paul DiLeo

Sarah Rotman Parker

Sonja Kelly

Tanya Ladha

The majority of Kenyans have mobile money accounts; their activity demonstrates digital financial services’ potential. Accion helps Kenyan innovators harness emerging technologies to create new financial services.

Brigitta Nyawira

India is a global leader in financial inclusion. For over a decade, Accion has worked with and learned from India’s innovators, investors, and policymakers to expand economic opportunity for its people and businesses.