A household budget, saving for a business investment, or managing an unforeseen emergency can cause stress in the most adept household, let alone those experiencing the vulnerability and volatility of poverty. Learning to navigate financial systems and products is a long-term endeavor.

Building financial capability — that is, the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors needed to make sound financial decisions to support well-being — can take time and creativity. The ultimate goal is to equip all people with the skills to navigate financial services safely and effectively and allow them to accrue their benefits. For poor and rural communities, this can mean increasing resiliency and reducing exposure to economic shocks, improving income growth and investment, and promoting more sustainable and equitable development. And for women, in particular, the accrued benefits can mean navigating financial choices with confidence, seeing themselves — and being seen — as financial clients, and accessing and using technology with ease.

While overall progress has been made in advancing financial inclusion, progress for women continues to lag. Globally, male ownership is likely to be higher than female ownership of accounts, with a gap of nearly 7 percent, which has persisted despite the overall rise in account ownership. The gender gap is much worse in some countries, where social norms govern financial access and decision-making. For instance, in Pakistan, while account ownership doubled since 2011, most of the growth was driven by accounts owned by men. Similarly, in Ethiopia, account ownership by men increased by roughly twice the size of the increase among women since 2014.

We must invest in building women’s financial capability to close this gap and make meaningful progress in women’s access to and usage of financial services. Doing so will require a deeper understanding of the economic and social constraints women face in accessing financial services. Yet existing tools for building financial capability have a mixed track record and there is scarce evidence on which approaches and delivery channels are likely to produce lasting impact.

This publication examines how best to share information, build capability, and enable lasting behavior change in a context in which women may have limited say in their own economic choices or require additional support or flexibility to overcome trust and care responsibilities. We examine the characteristics and success of existing approaches to building women’s financial capability and find a gap in programming that sufficiently accounts for women’s preferences, which are largely influenced by gendered social norms.

Readers of this report will come away with:

  • A stronger understanding of the role of gender norms that constrain women’s financial capability
  • An overview of current women’s financial capability initiatives, including classroom-based initiatives, technology-led financial education, and high-touch financial capability approaches
  • Recommendations on how to ensure women are meaningfully and successfully engaged with financial services.

Authors

Julia Arnold

Consultant

An expert in gender and financial inclusion, Julia Arnold serves as a consultant for CFI. From 2020-2022, she worked as CFI’s Senior Director of Gender and Financial Inclusion. Julia has more than 12 years of experience in inclusive finance, leading implementation and research projects across a range of customer- and provider-focused topics such as digital financial inclusion, financial capability, and microsavings. Julia brings an understanding of the enabling environment needed to catalyze real change for women’s economic lives, as well as a deep understanding of the microeconomic constraints to women’s empowerment. Prior to CFI, Julia was Financial Inclusion and Livelihood Specialist at the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) where she led mixed-methods research and primary data collection for evaluations and gender analyses, as well as curriculum development for youth and adults, focused on household dynamics and livelihoods. Before this, she was a consultant working with a diverse range of clients such as MetLife Foundation, CGAP, the World Bank, CFI, and others. Julia holds a master’s degree in international development from American University in Washington, DC.

Jayshree Venkatesan

Vice President, Consumer Protection & Strategic Industry Engagement

As Vice President of Consumer Protection and Strategic Industry Engagement, Jayshree leads CFI’s consumer protection research agenda and partnership strategy, contributing to a diverse global portfolio. Her work focuses on emerging risks at the intersection of technology and financial services, with a particular emphasis on human–technology interactions and their implications for consumer protection.

In her role, Jayshree oversees two flagship convenings: Financial Inclusion Week (FIW) and the Responsible Finance Forum (RFF). FIW is the sector’s largest virtual event, which drew more than 3,500 participants from over 140 countries in 2025. RFF is a global platform advancing responsible finance and addressing consumer protection challenges, held annually alongside the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) meetings.

With over two decades of experience spanning structured finance, innovative business models, consumer research, and policy engagement, Jayshree is deeply committed to advancing financial inclusion and economic development worldwide. Prior to joining CFI, she spent nearly a decade as an independent consultant, advising leading global institutions including CGAP, the World Bank, JICA, and ITAD on customer-centric approaches and barriers faced by low-income populations in accessing and using formal financial services. Earlier in her career, Jayshree was part of the founding team at IFMR (now Dvara Trust) in India, where she led the country’s first mezzanine fund for microfinance, which later evolved into an alternative investment fund. She began her professional journey at ICICI Bank, building a strong foundation in finance.

In addition to her work at CFI, Jayshree is a Senior Policy Fellow at the Leir Institute at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, where she focuses on financial inclusion challenges affecting vulnerable populations, including migrants and refugees. She has also served as adjunct faculty at the Fletcher School, teaching decision analysis for business. Jayshree is a recipient of the Chevening Fellowship for Leadership from the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, completed at King’s College, London.

She earned an MA in International Relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, an MBA from the Management Development Institute in Gurgaon, and an undergraduate degree in Mathematics from Mumbai University.

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