Climate change is having severe economic impacts globally, and low-income, vulnerable populations are being disproportionately affected. Many low-income countries are experiencing longer, hotter heat waves and more extreme storms, which is leading to food insecurity, income losses, lost livelihood opportunities, adverse health impacts, and displacement.

Additionally, climate change is a <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">threat multiplier</a>, exacerbating inequity for low-income households discriminated against based on gender, race, socioeconomic class, age, and disability.
<h2>Mitigating Climate Risk</h2>
The international consensus is that systems change is necessary to mitigate these climate risks. In this context, systems change refers to altering systems of production and consumption to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. For example, the ongoing shift from non-renewable to renewable energy is an outcome of systems changes and required policy initiatives by government, public and private investment in renewable technology, and changes in fuel utilization by households.
<blockquote>Financial services will play an important role in helping low-income households adapt their livelihoods</blockquote>
Systems change will impact low-income communities through the creation and elimination of livelihood opportunities. The types of systems changes required to mitigate climate impacts at a global level will impact livelihoods in communities across the globe as carbon emitting industries are replaced or innovated with climate resilient technologies. Some estimates project 1.5 billion jobs will be created by this process. Arguably more importantly, many jobs will be <a href="https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/tp/07.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">altered, eliminated, or replaced</a>. Financial services will play an important role in helping low-income households adapt their livelihoods to cope with these changes as they will require significant investment to update production processes.
<h2>Resilience, Adaptation, and the Role of Financial Services in the Meantime</h2>
Systems change is a process which will occur in the medium to long-term. In the short term, financial services can support low-income households to improve their resilience to climate shocks. Before a shock, low-income households can prepare in a variety of ways, such as improving housing, diversifying their livelihoods, adopting climate-resilient business practices, and accumulating financial resources to respond to shocks when they happen. After a shock, low-income households need to respond to food insecurity, livelihood disruption, loss of assets, and increased health and safety risks. In addition to their pre-shock preparation, low-income households may seek to draw in other household and community resources to boost their resilience. Households may also choose to migrate to areas less exposed or better prepared to respond to climate events.

There is broad evidence of the critical role financial tools – cash transfers, savings, insurance, and credit – play in helping households respond to shocks. There is strong evidence for the role of person-to-person (P2P) and government-to-person (G2P) cash transfers in helping households survive in crisis environments. Studies have shown that P2P and/or G2P transfers have <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/537771507750178892/Philippines-Lessons-learned-from-Yolanda-an-assessment-of-the-post-Yolanda-shortand-medium-term-recovery-and-rehabilitation-interventions-of-the-Government" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">helped households respond</a> to various weather events in Kenya, earthquakes in Rwanda, and rainfall shocks in the Philippines.

A large body of impact evidence makes clear that savings is also a powerful financial tool in these environments. Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) has summarized the evidence supporting the role of savings in preparing for shocks. For formal financial services, they found evidence that low and no-fee savings accounts helped households self-insure against shocks, and there was strong evidence for the role of <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/publications/Building-Resilience-Through-Financial-Inclusion-January-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">behavioral approaches</a> (such as commitment savings devices) in promoting savings for shock mitigation.

There is some positive evidence on insurance and credit as well. Weather-indexed crop and livestock insurance can promote investment by smallholder farmers in communities likely to experience extreme weather events, and a review of the evidence by IPA articulates examples of credit products encouraging investment in farm inputs and technology by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, a <a href="https://www.adb.org/publications/microfinance-disaster-recovery-lessons-nepal-earthquake" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">limited</a> <a href="https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/nepal-impact-report-earthquake" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">number</a> of studies have shown households with access to formal credit had better short and long-term outcomes following a crisis compared to similar households without access to credit.
<h2>Critical Gaps in the Current Knowledge Base</h2>
The evidence makes clear the promise of financial services in supporting low-income households’ response to climate change, but there are numerous demand side and supply side challenges that need to be studied in order to maximize the utility of financial services. Additionally, the role of government in creating an enabling environment and enacting social safety nets to promote mitigation and adaptation needs to be explored.

On the demand side, low-income households have less access to and are <a href="https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">less likely to use formal financial products</a> compared to middle and high-income households. This is also true of climate-related financial tools. For instance, the evidence shows that voluntary take up of weather-indexed insurance products is <a href="https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/publications/Make-it-Rain-Policy-Bulletin.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">too low to sustain a market</a> for them without subsidy despite their effectiveness. There are numerous product design challenges that may be contributing to this. Gender bias in program and product design persists, making <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/484541544643269894/pdf/130659-REVISED-PUBLIC-Managing-Coal-Mine-Closure-Achieving-a-Just-Transition-for-All-November-2018-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">interventions less effective</a> for women and multiple studies have articulated the need for improved financial capability to promote uptake and regular, effective use of financial tools.

On the supply side, there is little visibility into the range of products and financial service providers (FSPs) offering climate-focused financial products to low-income households. This hinders industry learning about what products or services are working and why. This opacity contributes to financial institutions in emerging and developed markets being admittedly unsure about how to best design their products to support households’ resilience to climate change. There is good reason to think providers will need to learn what innovative models work as analysts expect climate risks to create new challenges for pricing credit and insurance products, among others. For instance, in 2019, Munich Re, the world’s largest reinsurance firm, warned that climate-risk could <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/21/climate-change-could-make-insurance-too-expensive-for-ordinary-people-report" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">make insurance premiums unaffordable</a> for most people.

Governments play a critical role, too. However, there are a limited set of evidence-based best practices for responding to this situation. For instance, unemployment insurance and other social safety nets have proven to be important tools in supporting livelihoods during systems change, but such benefits are less common in emerging markets than in advanced economies. They are also less effective at reaching low-wage and informal workers. How can governments establish policy and programs to better protect the livelihoods of these workers? Are there innovative safety net systems that they could use, or are other policy tools effective?
<h2>CFI’s Climate Agenda</h2>
CFI is embarking on an ambitious agenda to address these gaps. Our immediate focus is on building the evidence for what works on the demand and supply side and for government policies.

On the demand side, CFI will focus on two major activities. First, CFI will map the impact evidence, identifying what financial products and services help low-income households effectively respond to climate change. This is a critical early step as it will inform the industry of what is known and unknown about this topic. It will also serve as a foundation from which CFI will operate, helping us identify what evidence gaps need filling. Second, CFI will conduct qualitative and quantitative research with consumers to establish a baseline understanding of consumers’ experience with and financial needs for mitigating and adapting to climate change.
<blockquote>CFI will map impact evidence and conduct research to understand consumers' experiences with and financial needs for mitigating and adapting to climate change.</blockquote>
On the supply side, CFI will leverage the expertise acquired through its strategic <a href="https://content.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/mix-and-cfi-announce-strategic-integration-to-drive-industry-knowledge-for-inclusive-finance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">integration</a> with MIX to shed light on emerging patterns in climate-related finance and help catalyze investment in evidence-based solutions for low-income households. CFI will do this through two main activities. First, CFI will inventory financial products to understand their target market, design, reach, and effectiveness. This will enable us to promote the development of appropriate climate products with FSPs. Second, CFI will track investment in climate-related finance by monitoring funding flows from public and private sources. Given the attention to climate-related finance, it will become increasingly important for funders to have visibility on funding flows related to climate change and finance that impact low-income households.
<blockquote>CFI will shed light on emerging patterns in climate-related finance and help catalyze investment in evidence-based solutions.</blockquote>
Emerging market governments are enacting policies to help their countries mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. This gives us a sense of <a href="https://www.afi-global.org/publications/3036/Inclusive-Green-Finance-A-Survey-of-the-Policy-Landscape" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">what governments are doing</a> in response but it is unclear which policies are most effective for low-income households and why. In order to identify effective policy solutions, CFI will conduct mixed-method case studies of climate policies and their impact on the supply and demand side of the ecosystem.

Our goal for developing the evidence base is to provide information that decision makers need to deliver climate-informed financial products to vulnerable populations across the globe with the hope that it ultimately helps facilitate the transition to a more sustainable economy for all. Financial Inclusion Week is the first step in our journey, and we look forward to sharing our impact in the months to come.

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Financial Services are Needed to Help Low-Income People Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change

Many have compared the steps required to overcome COVID-19 with those taken in previous economic crises or <a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusion.org/pandemics-and-natural-disasters-what-can-we-learn-from-past-disasters-to-help-with-todays-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">natural disasters</a>, whereby the situation follows a similar pattern consisting of three stages: triage, stabilize, recover. While there is some applicability to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it implies a sequence and limited duration that may not truly characterize the nature of the challenges we now face. The reality is that COVID-19 is a more persistent phenomenon that may continue to ebb and flow for some time before it is fully under control.

Given the more entrenched and global nature of this crisis, it is likely that the consequences will be more varied and run deeper than what we have seen in past crises. To help get a sense of what these consequences may be for those who are most vulnerable, we asked a few members of CFI’s <a href="https://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/people/advisory-council" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Advisory Council</a> to share some brief thoughts on what they see as the biggest implications of COVID-19 and the ways in which the inclusive finance sector can address them.
<h2>Camilla Nestor, Adjunct Professor at Columbia University</h2>
From my perspective, one of the biggest implications of COVID-19 is on food security for countries and populations that were already vulnerable. Before COVID-19, the world’s estimated 500 million smallholder farmers were one of the most financially underserved segments, with an estimated <a href="https://www.raflearning.org/post/covid-19-emergency-briefing-agri-smes-operating-uncertain-financial-operational-and-supply" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$100 billion lending gap</a> in Africa alone.

As a result of COVID-19, smallholder farmers are dealing with significant volatility in demand for both cash crops and food crops, challenges securing the necessary inputs, and limits on accessing markets. On top of this, they are also facing reductions in access to already-scarce capital. If unaddressed, this lack of capital will directly impact their ability to produce food. We see that commercial lenders are pulling back on lending to agriculture; <a href="https://csaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CSAF_State_of_Sector_2020_Summary_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cross-border social lending</a> is flat; and supply chain financing is at risk – for example, in a recent <a href="https://www.afap-partnership.org/covid-19-impact-assessment-on-the-agrismes-and-farming-communities-of-ghana-malawi-mozambique-tanzania-and-uganda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">survey</a> of 5 markets in Africa, farmers noted reduced access to both supplier credit and trade credit since the onset of the pandemic.
<blockquote>With smallholder farming contributing up to 80% of the food supplies in some regions, there is significant risk to food security at both a household level and a national level.</blockquote>
With smallholder farming contributing <a href="https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40706188/Smallholders+can+feed+the+world_e.pdf/460ca6c2-7621-40d8-9f79-a56f6f8fa75e" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">up to 80%</a> of the food supplies in some regions, there is significant risk to food security at both a household level and a national level. This is an opportunity for the financial inclusion community and agricultural finance experts to come together to develop short-term and longer-term mechanisms to ensure that financing flows to this critical segment.
<h2>Mark Pickens, Senior Director of Social Impact at Visa</h2>
We need to step up for small and micro businesses as they are the backbone of the global economy. Unless they remain resilient and grow, most economies are going to suffer because small businesses typically account for half of all jobs and GDP. The challenge is even greater with women-owned small businesses, which face many challenges, including lack of access to capital.
<blockquote>Key factors to building resiliency will include how small and micro businesses digitize payments, access other financial services, and skill-up to operate in an increasingly digital economy.</blockquote>
Key factors to building resiliency will include how small and micro businesses digitize payments, access other financial services, and skill-up to operate in an increasingly digital economy. Earlier this year the Visa Foundation announced $210 million to help small businesses. Visa also launched online toolkits via Small Business Hubs in 20 countries, expanded our Practical Business Skills portal for a greater geographic reach, and committed to digitally enable 50 million small businesses as we collectively recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.
<h2>Joanna Ledgerwood, Independent Consultant</h2>
It has been well-documented that the COVID-19 crisis has disproportionately affected women and girls. In most countries, social norms dictate that women bear primary responsibility for feeding and caring for their families and managing the household. With children not able to attend school and sick family members needing care, women have increased responsibilities, exacerbating an already heavy workload. The result is women have less time for paid work, and because of the pandemic, less access to informal financial services such as savings groups or local shop credit to help them through.
<blockquote>This pandemic provides an opportunity to proactively promote women’s empowerment.</blockquote>
However, this pandemic provides an opportunity to proactively promote women’s empowerment and advance household food security. Understanding how women and men are impacted differently by the pandemic, as well as the risks, constraints and hardships women face and their specific needs, requires the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data. This data can help to design appropriate programs and policies and inform financial products and delivery channels to effectively reach women.

For example, providing digital cash transfers directly to women increases their chances of receiving and controlling money to meet household needs, which in turn is likely to lead to greater bargaining power at home. The use of sex-disaggregated data can help to design programs that mitigate unintended consequences of cash transfers such as increased domestic violence. In addition, G2P programs that take gender biases into account can enhance women’s resilience to future economic shocks and can influence change to social norms over the long-term. Now is the time to ensure that women’s increased responsibilities and reduced ability to earn income will not further widen the gender gap in financial inclusion that existed long before this pandemic.
<h2>David Ferrand, Independent Consultant</h2>
Much depends, I think, on factors beyond financial inclusion. The indications remain rather positive that the health impact on Africa will be relatively bearable, notwithstanding the tragic loss of life. But we still don’t know yet the eventual economic cost to Africa, either in absolute terms or in how it will be distributed. There is a very real concern that the recovery from the crisis could see the micro and smaller scale business sectors re-emerging significantly disadvantaged relative to larger scale. And many people who have lost their livelihoods in the crisis may end up in long-term poverty traps.
<blockquote>Only governments have the balance sheets necessary to bear the risks involved.</blockquote>
There are financial sector providers positioned to play a pivotal role in restoring liquidity to communities and investing in rebuilding. But it would be unrealistic to expect that financial sector players can do this alone. There needs to be a new partnership between the financial sector, communities, and governments. Only governments have the balance sheets necessary to bear the risks involved – but they need help from across the financial system in providing the support where it is needed.

Over the longer term, there is also a need for genuine innovation in developing solutions to deal with the human and economic losses. Digital transformation has extraordinary potential, both now and in the future, to change our societies and ultimately lead to ever greater economic, social and cultural integration of countries and the world. The best-case scenario is that the COVID-19 crisis could lead to our harnessing digital finance to empower the rebuilding and development of local communities. But this is going to require bold, swift and pragmatic action.

Implications of COVID-19 for the Most Vulnerable: A Snapshot of Views from CFI’s Advisory Council

Prior to the onset of COVID-19, very few of us would have foreseen a pandemic spreading so rapidly across the world, forcing governments to take actions like lockdowns and border closures. We have observed how these events found many essential services unprepared and resulted in businesses focusing on “response” and “recovery.” In many countries, the pandemic started as a health crisis, while in Sub-Saharan Africa it started as an <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2020/04/21/africas-pulse-covid-19-coronavirus-causes-first-recession-in-25-years" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">economic one</a>, as closures happened quicker than the virus spread.

Despite the fact that many agricultural value chains are considered an essential service, agri-SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa are still facing a <a href="https://www.raflearning.org/post/covid-19-emergency-briefing-agri-smes-operating-uncertain-financial-operational-and-supply" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">decline in demand</a> (particularly those providing farm inputs), <a href="https://csaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CSAF_State_of_Sector_2020_Summary_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">liquidity shortfalls</a>, harvesting and production problems due to labor shortages, <a href="https://csaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CSAF_State_of_Sector_2020_FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">export and transportation delays due to lockdowns</a>, and cancelled international contracts. All these challenges are exacerbated by ongoing climate change-related shocks, like droughts, floods and <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/locust-plague-climate-science-east-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">locust plagues</a>. The resilience of agri-SMEs (small and medium-sized businesses that are formal and registered entities engaged in agricultural production) is being tested with these events.

While it is too early to estimate the full economic impact of COVID-19 on agri-SMEs, most lenders are taking steps to address the most pressing challenges faced by these agri-SMEs. Though it is prudent to move quickly to overcome these challenges, agri-SMEs would be better supported in the long run if lenders approach these problems through a systemic lens to understand the root of the challenges instead of focusing only on the symptoms of the overall shock.

Aside from the lack of infrastructure, agri-SMEs’ biggest challenge to growth is their limited access to finance and the regulatory burdens constraining this access. As will be discussed below, these challenges are deeper and more structurally embedded, and therefore require a long-term coordinated commitment to provide agri-SMEs access to capital.

This post highlights steps lenders are currently taking to help agri-SMEs weather the storm and suggests areas where they can expand their focus to support these businesses in being better prepared for future economic shocks.
<h2>Explore new options to mitigate risk and increase capital flow to agri-SMEs</h2>
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, most lenders have focused on serving existing clients by increasing their financing, restructuring loans, or deferring payments to meet their clients’ liquidity challenges. By doing so, lenders are also making sure their current portfolio is not at immediate risk.
<blockquote>It’s essential that lenders offer non-traditional options to mitigate risks and increase the flow of capital to agri-SMEs.</blockquote>
While lenders may be tempted to take a more conservative stance, those with sufficient capacity should be initiating even more new deals in order for agri-SMEs to keep goods and services flowing through the highly interdependent agricultural value chain. For instance, <a href="https://datastudio.google.com/u/0/reporting/0f453d56-7fef-4823-8cd2-b2bd02773603/page/TP9WB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">72% of MSEs in Zambia</a> need working capital to continue and grow their business, and <a href="https://datastudio.google.com/u/0/reporting/0f453d56-7fef-4823-8cd2-b2bd02773603/page/TP9WB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">61% are running on their savings</a>. COVID-19 is exacerbating the financing gap, and it’s essential that lenders offer non-traditional options to mitigate risks and increase the flow of capital to agri-SMEs.

Luckily, lenders have successful examples which they can use to build new and more innovative risk mitigation options. Credit guarantees, such as non-bank financial instruments that mitigate default risk for lenders in Sub-Saharan Africa, are a known practice. Between 2008 and 2015, AGRA worked with several partners to offer several guarantees to extend credit to many agriculture value chain actors in Africa, demonstrating the bankability and feasibility of investing in perceived risky agricultural businesses. Additionally, <a href="https://aceliafrica.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aceli Africa</a> has developed a new market platform that aims to incentivize financial service providers to lend to agri-SMEs while also providing technical assistance to them.
<h2>Create new strategies to find and support agri-SMEs</h2>
Many agricultural lenders are reporting that servicing new clients has either stopped or dropped to low levels, not just because of risk concerns, but also because it is almost impossible to conduct thorough due diligence without on-site visits. Given that on-site visits may not be feasible in the near-future, lenders will want to design creative strategies and leverage data to support remote discovery of new agri-SMEs.
<blockquote>Promising agri-SMEs will become more visible to lenders by providing a common set of standard bankability metrics.</blockquote>
To this end, in early 2020, MIX and SCOPEinsight formed a partnership with the support of AGRA to help address the financing gap agri-SMEs face. Through this partnership, they are <a href="https://www.themix.org/news-blog/mix-and-scopeinsight-launch-partnership-with-agra" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">building bankability metrics</a> so that agricultural lenders can identify and pre-screen agri-SMEs. These metrics play an even more important role now due to COVID-19 disruptions, and they will feed into a portal which will bridge the information gap between agri-SMEs and lenders. As a result, promising agri-SMEs will become more visible to lenders by providing a common set of standard bankability metrics that lenders can use to reduce their costs to serve SMEs. By employing bankability metrics, lenders will be able to assess the potential for growth of agri-SMEs, which currently handle <a href="https://agrf.org/dealroom/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AGRA-AGRF-Deal-Room-talk-by-Tom-Reardon-july20-2020-final-sent.pptx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">680 million tons of food in Africa</a>.
<h2>Offer appropriate technical assistance to agri-SMEs</h2>
<blockquote>The key to this kind of support is that it offers business development assistance that is based on a high knowledge of the value chains and challenges.</blockquote>
Several of the lenders we spoke with are increasingly providing technical assistance to agri-SMEs, recognizing that in these extraordinary times, agri-SMEs are looking for direction. Lenders are offering guidance and training on financial management, crisis management, and operating a business with limited resources. After conducting a <a href="https://rootcapital.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/COVID-19-client-survey-report_JUNE-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">survey on COVID-19's impact on 134 of its clients</a>, Root Capital decided to offer virtual technical support through its advisory team in four areas: crisis management, emergency operations, financial management and analysis, and digital data collection and analysis.

While technical assistance is not new and is already being offered to SMEs by many organizations, the key to this kind of support is that it offers business development assistance that is based on a high knowledge of the value chains and challenges, with the main goal to support agri-SMEs to grow and become bankable organizations. Helping agri-SMEs become more bankable, and thus more professionalized and visible to other lenders, can assist them to overcome barriers to financing and become more resilient and better equipped to face future risks and shocks.

Going forward, the uncertainty of this pandemic makes it unclear how the next season or harvest will affect agri-SMEs, who are <a href="https://www.raflearning.org/post/covid-19-emergency-briefing-agri-smes-operating-uncertain-financial-operational-and-supply" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">highly interdependent actors in an agricultural value chain</a> where one simple disruption in the flow of goods and services creates challenges for other actors. Along with prioritizing their existing clients, as they are currently doing, lenders could consider the crisis an opportunity to employ long-term strategies that can help agri-SMEs grow into resilient institutions. Coordinated responses and actions by lenders and other actors will play a critical role in ensuring that these businesses are strong enough to continue to feed the world in the face of new pandemics and other global challenges to come.

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From Crisis to Opportunity: How Can Lenders Help Build Resilient Agri-SMEs

Scrolling through Instagram these days, I’ve noticed a pattern that has emerged since COVID-19 prompted lockdowns across the globe. With movement restricted, many social media users in the US have engaged in culinary adventures. New experiments in the kitchen abound despite the noted shortage of ingredients like flour on supermarket shelves.

But what I haven’t been seeing on my social media feed on the food front is much more dire: COVID-19 will push up to an estimated <a href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/dignity-not-destitution" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">half billion people into poverty</a> across the globe, threatening food security. Prior to the pandemic, approximately <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-09-2018-global-hunger-continues-to-rise---new-un-report-says" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">820 million people were chronically hungry</a>. Now, the World Food Program estimates that by the end of 2020, <a href="https://insight.wfp.org/covid-19-will-almost-double-people-in-acute-hunger-by-end-of-2020-59df0c4a8072" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">265 million people</a> in low and middle-income countries will be under the threat of starvation.
<h2>A Challenge for a Continent</h2>
These issues are particularly acute in several countries in Africa, where job losses and income losses are affecting food security, defined as access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. In a recent <a href="https://amref.zoom.us/rec/play/uZZ_Ju2p-zo3E9ed4wSDBKR6W9S9J_2s0iFP-qZemkixVXRQOlWkYuAbMLeKlvVOBygaPgBJmSDPJCzg?continueMode=true&amp;_x_zm_rtaid=FQWENb2fTM2AEbhvJuEg9g.1590501183404.6cee48bfc63a9f06cac60da22d85013d&amp;_x_zm_rhtaid=599" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Africa Dialogues webinar</a>, hosted by Dalberg Advisors and Amref Health Africa and moderated by Lolem Ngong and Edwin Macharia, Professor Hamadi Iddi Boga of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries in Kenya; Sara Menker, Founder and CEO of Gro Intelligence; and Monica Musonda, Founder and CEO of Java Foods, explored how the pandemic is disrupting agricultural supply chains and impacting smallholder farmers and vulnerable populations across the continent.

As Menker highlighted, there isn’t a lack of food around the world. Food insecurity, rather, is rooted in a massive distribution problem and a widespread inability to afford food, now exacerbated by COVID-19. Foreign exchange reserves across the African continent are at an all-time low due to the pandemic. In a weakened macroeconomic environment, the cost of imports has increased, and although some African markets are experiencing food insecurity to a greater extent than others, net importers of calories are finding themselves in an increasingly precarious situation. In Zambia, for example, the <a href="http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=ZMB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">price of fortified cereal</a> for children has increased to $6. Groups including informal workers, microentrepreneurs, and women tend to be the most adversely impacted by such price fluctuations.
<blockquote>Informal workers, microentrepreneurs and women tend to be the most adversely impacted by price fluctuations.</blockquote>
Musonda noted during the webinar that up to 60 percent of wages from informal work in Africa are used to buy food. Finding themselves without work, or with fewer working hours due to COVID-related restrictions on physical movement, informal workers and microentrepreneurs face increasing food insecurity, and women, who allocate more of their own resources to <a href="https://www.cgap.org/blog/3-ways-financial-inclusion-improves-womens-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">other members of the household during hardship</a>, are disproportionately affected.
<h2>How Does Financial Inclusion Come into Play?</h2>
As a well-documented <a href="https://www.uncdf.org/financial-inclusion-and-the-sdgs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">enabler of food security</a>, financial inclusion has an important role to play in the mitigation of COVID-19’s harms to vulnerable groups. Here, I highlight a few of <a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusion.org/covid-19-reveals-the-limits-of-individual-action-and-market-based-solutions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">many considerations</a> for financial inclusion initiatives when taking action to reduce food insecurity.
<h3>Supporting SMEs and Smallholder Farmers</h3>
Propping up small and medium-sized business is an important consideration for financial inclusion and, by extension, food security in Africa. SMEs form an <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315516536_AFRICAN_SMALL_AND_MEDIUM_ENTERPRISES_SMES_CONTRIBUTIONS_CHALLENGES_AND_SOLUTIONS" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">integral part</a> of the food supply chain in Africa. According to Musonda, <a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/09/smes-main-drivers-africas-food-economy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SMEs handle 64 percent of food</a>, much of which is fresh and perishable, on the continent. These are the foods that are crucial, but we must do more to ensure that SMEs stay alive during this time of crisis.

This is where financial service providers (FSPs) play an important role. FSPs need to address both short-term and longer-term financing options for SMEs. In the short-term, as <a href="https://www.covid-finclusion.org/forum/discussion/surviving-the-liquidity-crunch-what-are-your-expectations-and-plans-for-managing-mfi-liquidity-what-worries-you-most" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">FSPs themselves are struggling with liquidity constraints</a>, the role of other actors, such as impact investors, development finance institutions, and policymakers, will be important to filling the void in available liquidity. But beyond liquidity through FSPs, there is a broader role for governments to play when it comes to food security.

In Kenya, the government has created an ecosystem of SMEs to support smallholder farmers in a mutually beneficial initiative that connects nodes of the supply chain. According to Prof. Boga, 90 percent of farmers in Kenya are smallholder farmers. To support this population, the government has created an ecosystem of SMEs to support them, and has implemented an e-voucher program in which farmers receive vouchers on their mobile phones to exchange for partially subsidized farm supplies based on their individual and household needs.
<h3>Promoting and Strengthening Cash Transfer Systems</h3>
Government-to-person (G2P) and person-to-person (P2P) <a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/responding-crisis-digital-payments-social-protection-short-term-measures-long-term-benefits" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cash transfers are an effective strategy</a> to increase both financial inclusion and food security. NGOs, governments, and the private sector are working together to promote and strengthen this most important vehicle for quickly delivering crucial cash to low-income households and individuals. <a href="https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/IRB 2016_04.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Evidence</a> from several large-scale <a href="https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7596.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">evaluations</a> shows that as households receive more in cash transfers, they spend more on food, with positive impacts on meals consumed and dietary quality.

The regulatory environment and payment infrastructure in many countries can present a challenge for massive payouts, but the financial inclusion community views the current crisis as an <a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/responding-crisis-digital-payments-social-protection-short-term-measures-long-term-benefits">opportunity to fast-track improvements to payments systems</a>, particularly through digital payments ecosystems. While digitalization is promising, however, CFI’s Alex Rizzi <a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusion.org/a-covid-digitization-stampede-mustnt-trample-consumer-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cautions</a> that rushed pushes to go digital may harm the poor, and it will continue to be important to put base-of-the-pyramid consumers at the center of considerations for digital cash payments.
<blockquote>Countries with strong DFS infrastructures are taking the lead in implementing systems to help people afford food.</blockquote>
In Africa, countries with strong DFS infrastructures are taking the lead in implementing systems to help the base of the pyramid afford food and other living expenses. The Western Africa Central Bank (BCEAO) is promoting the use of electronic payment tools by making it easier for people to open a mobile money account and by making P2P transfers free. Kenya’s National Treasury <a href="https://www.ugogentilini.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Country-social-protection-COVID-responses_April3-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">appropriated</a> an additional 10 billion Kenyan schillings, or $100 million, to support for the elderly, orphans and other vulnerable groups through cash transfers. In addition, fee waivers on P2P mobile money transactions on M-PESA were <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/16/kenya-turns-to-its-mobile-money-dominance-to-stem-the-spread-of-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">approved</a>. The Moroccan Economic Watch Committee activated a mobile payment device for cash transfers directly to an estimated 3 million informal workers, while in Tunisia, the government is offering one-off cash transfers to households with members working in the informal sector and housing the elderly.

To support governments and markets where the digital payment infrastructure is still developing, initiatives like the <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/paymentsystemsremittances" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">World Bank’s G2Px</a> focus on bringing together expertise across sectors to scale G2P payments responsibly. NGOs such as the World Food Program <a href="https://www.wfp.org/cash-transfers" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">continue to employ cash transfers</a> in coordination with partners.
<h3>Supporting Women’s Financial Inclusion as a Means to Greater Food Security</h3>
Research indicates that within households, women are at a <a href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30315/gender-equality-and-food-security.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">greater risk of being food insecure</a>. In times of hardship, such as the current pandemic, they are more likely to reduce their own food consumption to leave enough for men and boys. However, access to secure financial services <a href="https://www.cgap.org/blog/3-ways-financial-inclusion-improves-womens-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">has the potential</a> to <a href="https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1093/wbro/lkx003" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">promote women’s empowerment</a> and advance food security. Women with bank accounts are likely to have greater bargaining power to allocate more household resources to purchasing nutritious food. Increasingly, many donors and policymakers are recognizing the need to shift cash transfers to women as one approach to tackling food insecurity. This provides an <a href="https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1093/wbro/lkx003" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">on-ramp for digital financial services while improving convenience and confidentiality</a> of these payments.

Will our documentation of this moment in time capture the resilience, cooperation, and hard work of the individuals and institutions responding to this unprecedented crisis? Food security is a critical basic need, and financial inclusion is an important means of achieving it. With financial services digitizing at a breakneck pace, we mustn’t forget our most basic needs and how inclusive finance can serve them.

Food Security and COVID-19: How Financial Inclusion Can Support Livelihoods

<em><span style="text-align: left;color: #333333;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman','Bitstream Charter',Times,serif;font-size: 16px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;cursor: text;float: none;background-color: transparent">This post originally appeared on </span><a href="https://www.ictworks.org/do-farmers-really-want-to-be-paid-in-mobile-money/#.Wyqvx6kpDBL">ICTworks</a></em><span style="float: none;background-color: transparent;color: #333333;cursor: text;font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman','Bitstream Charter',Times,serif;font-size: 16px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px"><em> and is re-posted here with permission</em>.</span>

&gt; <em>Posted by By Chrissy Martin, U.S. Global Development Lab, USAID
</em>

Do farmers really want to be paid in mobile money? To answer this question, I’ll ask you to first entertain a brief thought experiment.

Imagine that your employer told you that next pay period, your company will start paying you in <a href="https://bitcoin.org/en/">Bitcoin</a>.  How would you react?  Sure you’ve heard about Bitcoin, but you have lots of questions as to what it will mean to receive your salary this way, such as:
<ul>
 	<li>Am I getting swindled?!</li>
 	<li>Where can I use bitcoin?</li>
 	<li>Can I spend it like dollars, or will I have to convert into dollars first?</li>
 	<li>Where can I convert?</li>
 	<li>How much is the conversion fee?</li>
 	<li>Will I be paid into my same bank account?</li>
</ul>


Your employer has some responses to your questions:
<ul>
 	<li>There are <a href="http://coinmap.org/">only a few places to use Bitcoin</a> in Washington, DC.</li>
 	<li>In order to spend your money anywhere else, you’ll have to convert first, and pay a fee to do so.</li>
 	<li>You’ll have to set up a new account, and learn a new app.</li>
 	<li>If you want to help to learn this new system, you can take unpaid leave to sit in a classroom and attend a financial literacy training…</li>
</ul>
<h3>Your Response to Bitcoin Is Their Response to Mobile Money</h3>
Perhaps this sounds like a less than ideal situation, but it really is not that different from how a farmer must feel when the company they usually sell their produce to decides, or offers, to start paying them in mobile money.

Maybe the farmer has heard of mobile money; she’s heard some good things, but she’s also heard some stories about fraud.  Besides, she’s used to cash, and she doesn’t have the luxury of time to learn an entirely new system since she needs to tend to her farm, her children, and the other side jobs she takes on to help pay the bills.

Why is this thought experiment relevant? Efforts are currently underway in many countries to digitize payments along the agricultural value chain. This is due to both the growing evidence that access to a digital account increases household resilience and the potential for mobile money to increase farmers’ access to financing (think loans for inputs) and markets (think connections to more buyers and the ability to lock in better prices).
<h3>Three Ways to Improve Mobile Money Adoption</h3>
Often, the assumption is that we should start by digitizing payments from buyers to farmers. These are large, bulk payments that can be transitioned from cash to electronic fairly easily, from a technology standpoint. This would get money into the farmer’s mobile wallet so that they start to become familiar with the concept.

However, in select value chains in Uganda, USAID and our partners are finding that this is not necessarily the best way to encourage adoption. While some agribusinesses and farmers are signing on enthusiastically, we’re not yet seeing the type of scale that is necessary to really start building out a rural digital financial ecosystem.

Based on this experience, I see three keys shifts underway that can help:

<strong>1. We need to ask <em>what the farmer actually wants. </em> </strong>

The payments first approach to digitizing the value chain fails to start with an understanding of the farmer’s interest in transitioning to mobile money, as we start to understand when we consider the idea of transitioning our own salary to Bitcoin.  The farmer, who may not have a mobile phone, who may rarely leave her farm and may never have been to bank, is often perfectly happy with cash.

So, we have to ask, what does the farmer need?  Access to credit for inputs, on-demand production and marketing services, access to household solar through a digital pay-as-you-go plan, and an easy way to pay for school fees are all products that are based on real constraints that many farmers in Uganda face.

To better understand what makes mobile money attractive to a farmer, United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and <a href="http://www.cgap.org/about"> </a><a href="http://www.cgap.org/about">CGAP</a> are undertaking a <a href="http://mm4p.uncdf.org/tags/value-proposition-mapping">Value Proposition Mapping</a>, which will help the private sector tailor products accordingly.

<strong>2. We need to <em>expand our idea of the user.</em></strong>

When we talk about being user-centered, we often think immediately of the individual.  However, within a value chain, we need to think of the incentives and capacities for a wide variety of users, including the farmer, other members of the farmer’s household, the agribusiness, the cooperative, the community savings group, and the mobile money provider.

For example, we’re finding that agribusinesses may need significant system upgrades and process changes to transition away from paper based processes.

<strong>3. We need to <em>reassess the starting point. </em></strong>

As we’re finding through Digital Development for Feed the Future, a three-year collaboration between the Global Development Lab and the Bureau for Food Security within USAID, improving data collection and data usability underpins all of our efforts to improve agricultural results through digital tools.

For example, our partner in Uganda, <a href="http://akorion.com/">Akorion</a>, is facilitating input loans to farmers with digital farmer profiles that provide banks with detailed information on which they can base creditworthiness. Through its market system digitization platform and Ezy-Agric, Akorion bridges the information and service delivery gap for farmers and agribusinesses.

These three suggestions are based on our experience to-date in Uganda, as well as the experience of USAID’s partners, including <a href="http://www.siaedge.com/">Strategic Impact Advisors</a> and <a href="http://mm4p.uncdf.org/">UNCDF</a>’s program in Uganda.  However, these suggestions all need to be tested and may change or need to be modified quickly.

The key takeaway?  Remember to challenge your assumptions by always taking a minute to imagine yourself in a similar situation.  How would you feel?

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Do Farmers Really Want to Be Paid in Mobile Money?

<em>The following post was <a href="http://blogs.accion.org/features/changing-climate-technology-provides-agricultural-insurance-farmers/">originally published</a> on the Accion blog.</em>
<p id="d33a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Smallholder farmers are the bedrock of sub-Saharan Africa’s and Asia’s agricultural markets, providing <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4036e.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">over 80 percent of the food supply</a>, but they are growing increasingly vulnerable. Climate scientists estimate that over the next few decades, droughts will <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/news/2904/climate-change-drought-may-threaten-much-globe-within-decades" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">frequently affect Africa and Asia</a> as a result of climate change. As weather conditions cause decreased stability for family farms, there is an increased need for risk mitigation solutions that can add security to the lives of those most affected.</p>
<p id="9f1f" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Pula, <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.accion.org/content/pula-secures-funding-global-investors-support-smallholder-farmers-africa-and-south-asia" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">one of Accion Venture Lab’s latest investments</a>, provides insurance to smallholder farmers across Africa and India, enabling income security for a population whose livelihoods depend on climate patterns. <strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Pula uses cutting-edge technology coupled with expansive distribution partners to make large-scale agricultural insurance feasible for rural farmers</strong>.</p>
<p id="8d1f" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Across their product portfolio, Pula uses various technologies, including automated voice calls to register customers, satellite imagery to monitor cloud cover, and SMS messages to provide agronomic advice. In the event of a drought or poor season, Pula uses weather data and yield samples to offer compensation to farmers for their losses. By coupling technology with large-scale distribution, Pula can make insurance practical for smallholder farmers at scale.</p>
<p id="cf02" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">At Venture Lab, we’re most excited about a few core areas of the typical microinsurance value chain that Pula disrupts:</p>
<p id="2264" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Eliminating the purchase barrier</strong>: Pula’s distribution model circumvents the challenges of customer adoption and education that we’ve seen insurers struggle with in the past. Customers read about Pula’s coverage on a sticker on the bag of seed or fertilizer they’re purchasing, and then they register their unique policy via their mobile phone. Pula’s partners put stickers on every bag sold in a region, and there’s no visible added cost to the products, simplifying the farmer’s decision-making process. To that farmer, Pula’s coverage is easy to activate and presents pure upside.</p>
<p id="2945" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Increasing yields for customers with massive need</strong>: Pula focuses on some of the most vulnerable populations on Earth, and the insurance coverage is only the beginning of the benefit they receive from the product. By de-risking the purchase of farm inputs, such as seed, fertilizer, or credit, Pula is also able to incentivize farmers to purchase higher-quality products than they otherwise might — without the risk of failure. As a result, they can attain higher yields and incomes. Further, Pula provides the farmer with direct agronomic advice via SMS, leveraging the farmer’s GPS coordinates and their climate science team, and boosting the farmer’s yields.</p>
<p id="9622" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Lowering the cost to serve</strong>: With its innovative distribution, Pula has the potential to reach a customer that has previously been prohibitively expensive to serve. Formerly, insuring smallholder farmers required multiple field visits to determine if conditions were right for crops to grow and to educate the farmer about the benefits of insurance, ultimately convincing them to pay for coverage. Pula can automate and significantly cut costs by assessing the farm’s weather remotely using satellite and regional yield data. Working through distributors also enables Pula to offer free and straightforward insurance coverage that is fully integrated with the input.</p>
<p id="3f7f" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Venture Lab is thrilled to be working with the Pula team on their mission to provide insurance to smallholder farmers across Africa and Asia. Co-founder Rose Goslinga is a pioneer in the space, with a decade of experience and a <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/rose_goslinga_crop_insurance_an_idea_worth_seeding" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">TED talk</a> on her resume. She is working alongside Thomas Njeru, who provides actuarial experience and financial expertise as the company’s CFO.</p>
<p id="38d2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">As <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.microinsurancenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Microinsurance%20Network_Africa%20landscape%20full%20report-WEB_0.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">microinsurance in most African markets hovers at or below 5 percent,</a><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong"> there is a massive market opportunity to support the world’s most vulnerable as they grow food to provide for their communities</strong>. Pula tackles the arduous task of customer awareness by partnering with known brands and uses cutting-edge technology to make the product scalable. <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://www.thp.org/knowledge-center/know-your-world-facts-about-hunger-poverty/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Half of the world’s hungry</a> are farming families, and Pula strives to reach those most in need with security and stability.</p>
<p id="d671" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Venture Lab is excited to be supporting Pula as they take on one of the world’s most significant challenges.</p>
<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2018/01/22/7-fintech-trends-to-watch-in-2018/">7 Fintech Trends to Watch</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2018/02/27/the-radical-reinvention-of-inclusive-insurance/">The Radical Reinvention of Inclusive Insurance</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/08/28/catalyst-fund-lessons-on-getting-early-stage-fintech-startups-investment-ready/">Cataylst Fund: Lessons on Getting Early-Stage Fintech Startups Investment-Ready</a>

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In a Changing Climate, Technology Provides a Lifeline for Farmers

<em>The following post was <a href="http://blogs.accion.org/features/7-fintech-trends-to-watch-in-2018/">originally published</a> on the Accion blog.</em>
<p id="46a8" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">We’re in the middle of a fintech boom that <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://medium.com/accion/trends-that-may-change-the-world-c00f4e500a8c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">could change the world</a>. As a seed-stage investor in fintech for the underserved, Accion Venture Lab continues to see innovative startups increasing access to, reducing the cost of, or improving the quality of financial services for underserved individuals and small businesses around the world.</p>
<p id="c50b" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">As we kick off a new year, we’re particularly excited about seven areas of startup-led innovation.</p>

<h4>Digital neobanks</h4>
[caption id="attachment_24930" align="aligncenter" width="616"]<img class="wp-image-24930" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/appsm_mockup2.jpg" alt="" width="616" height="411" /> SmartMEI is a digital neobank serving small businesses in Brazil[/caption]
<p class="graf graf--p">In the last few years, we’ve seen the emergence of a number of digital neobanks. Neobanks offer a user-friendly digital interface and a platform for financial services without maintaining their own banking licenses. With a focus on user experience and digital applications, neobanks stand to offer faster and better service to the underserved. Moving forward, neobanks will need to provide both a compelling product for a targeted customer segment and a suite of offerings that go beyond basic accounts or credit cards to retain customers and improve unit economics. Innovators in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://nowmoney.me/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">NOW Money</a>, which offers migrant workers in the UAE a platform to more efficiently transfer remittances and access to other products and services over time, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.smartmei.com.br/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">SmartMEI</a>, which offers small businesses in Brazil a free tax tool and access to a broader set of financial services.</p>

<h4>Next gen small business finance solutions</h4>
<p class="graf graf--p">Around the world, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) struggle to access capital. Estimates suggest that <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/4d6e6400416896c09494b79e78015671/Closing+the+Credit+Gap+Report-FinalLatest.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">200 to 245 million formal and informal small businesses</a> either don’t have a loan or have one but are still constrained by their access to financing. Startups have been developing creative ways to acquire, underwrite, and fund these businesses. Some of the most innovative models today are embedding themselves into supply chains and working with a partner in that supply chain to identify MSMEs in need of financing and to obtain existing data that can support credit decision-making. These companies include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://www.tiendapago.com/en/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tienda Pago</a>, which partners with major consumer good distributors in Peru and Mexico to extend short-term working capital to small stores for inventory purchases, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://lidya.co/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lidya</a>, which works through partners in Nigeria to provide invoice discounting and supply chain financing to small businesses.</p>

<h4>Insurtech for the underserved</h4>
<p class="graf graf--p">Low-income consumers in emerging markets need insurance products to manage and mitigate financial risks, but serving those customers poses significant challenges — from cost-effectively reaching and educating consumers, to accurately assessing and pricing risks, to efficiently managing claims. Startups can play a critical role in solving those challenges with products intended to address specific risks for underserved communities, new distribution channels to reach these populations, and new streams of data to more effectively assess and price risk. Insurtech innovators include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://lumkani.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lumkani</a>, which sells a low-cost heat detector bundled with insurance to households in South African informal settlements that protect against loss of life, shelter, and assets, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://togarantido.com.br/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Togarantido</a>, which serves as an online-based insurance broker focused on the underserved in Brazil.</p>

<h4>Financial services for smallholder farmers</h4>
<p class="graf graf--p">Smallholder farmers remain notoriously difficult to reach and are often considered high-risk clients since their incomes are tied to unpredictable harvests. An estimated <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.raflearning.org/post/inflection-point-unlocking-growth-era-farmer-finance" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">270 million smallholder farmers around the world face a financing gap of $170 billion</a>. Innovators addressing this need can provide real value — by helping farmers finance irrigation pumps, combat pests, or address climate risks. Startups in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://apolloagriculture.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Apollo Agriculture</a>, which leverages satellite imagery, data science, and mobile money to finance fertilizer and seeds needed to increase crop yields, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.pula-advisors.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Pula</a>, which works with large seed and fertilizer suppliers across Africa to bundle crop insurance in with product purchases.</p>

<h4>Asset finance</h4>
[caption id="attachment_24931" align="aligncenter" width="615"]<img class="wp-image-24931" style="border: 0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/kn_pg_2016_25.jpg" alt="" width="615" height="410" /> The Paygo team at work on their smart meter for cooking gas[/caption]
<p class="graf graf--p">Individuals and small businesses require financing for assets like medical equipment, smartphones, and solar home systems to increase efficiency and improve lives. One promising innovation in this space is pay-as-you-go financing, which allows consumers and business owners to make small upfront payments and regular “top-ups,” usually sent via mobile money. The model has already led to a rapid expansion in solar home systems across emerging markets. Other scalable models for asset financing leverage new distribution and payment approaches like layaway solutions, leasing models, and peer-to-peer transfers. <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://paygoenergy.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">PayGo Energy</a> is a promising company in this space; its pay-as-you-go financing model enables low-income customers in Kenya to pre-pay for cleaner and more affordable cooking gas.</p>

<h4>All-digital consumer lending</h4>
<p class="graf graf--p">Recent years have seen digital consumer lenders emerge and scale by using simple apps to collect and analyze customer data to provide access to credit for underserved populations. The speed and accessibility of digital platforms enable credit access for consumers who are underserved by traditional lenders and who might otherwise be too costly to serve. Innovators could add value to the sector with new approaches to credit underwriting and consumer engagement that lower defaults and improve retention — two of the critical challenges to the app-based lending model. <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="http://smartcoin.co.in/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">SmartCoin</a> offers new engagement tools alongside its mobile lending platform to better understand and serve its customers in India, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.tezfinancialservices.pk/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Tez</a> provides an all-digital banking platform with a full suite of products to low-income consumers in Pakistan.</p>

<h4>Consumer financial health</h4>
<p id="ce83" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">In 2016, the Federal Reserve revealed a concerning statistic about financial health in the U.S.: 46 percent of Americans said they could not pull together <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/25/the-shocking-number-of-americans-who-cant-cover-a-400-expense/?utm_term=.893f79e72c4c" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">$400 to cover an emergency</a>. Startups are providing solutions that help consumers manage their day-to-day financial lives and rebound from shocks. There is significant potential for innovators to leverage behavioral science to design new solutions such as clever nudges, useful automation, gamification, or bundling across different financial products. Innovators in this space include <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.lendstreet.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Lendstreet</a>, which focuses on financial health by providing U.S. consumers a platform to restructure and refinance their distressed debt and rebuild their credit, and <a class="markup--anchor markup--p-anchor" href="https://www.destacame.cl/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Destacame</a>, which empowers users in Mexico and Chile with control of their data to build their financial capabilities and access better financial products.</p>
<p id="2358" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Each of these areas of startup-led innovation offers significant potential for both social impact for underserved consumers and financial profit in 2018. We’re excited to see what’s next.</p>
<em>Image credits: Accion</em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/02/27/kopo-kopo-building-on-the-rails-of-mobile-money-in-kenya/">Kopo Kopo: Building on the Rails of Mobile Money in Kenya</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/08/28/catalyst-fund-lessons-on-getting-early-stage-fintech-startups-investment-ready/">Cataylst Fund: Lessons on Getting Early-Stage Fintech Startups Investment-Ready</a>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2017/07/31/how-financial-institutions-and-fintechs-are-partnering-for-inclusion-lessons-from-the-frontlines/">How Financial Institutions and Fintechs Are Partnering for Financial Inclusion: Lessons from the Frontlines</a>

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7 Fintech Trends to Watch in 2018

<em>&gt; Posted by Andrew Fixler, Freelance Journalist</em>

<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/38476503@N08/21760883046/"><img class="alignright wp-image-20783" style="border:0 solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/21760883046_408ce22872_z.jpg?w=490" alt="" width="330" height="220" /></a>Consolidation and investment in coffee brands is reaching a fever pitch, according to Andrew Daday, Director of Coffee for <a href="https://www.stumptowncoffee.com/">Stumptown Roasters</a>. Coffee is the second-most traded commodity in the world, and the modal coffee farmer is a smallholder living near or below the poverty line, resulting in unique value chains in Latin America, East Africa, and Southeast Asia. These value chains are characterized by factors like the <a href="http://www.investopedia.com/university/commodities/commodities2.asp">commodity coffee markets</a>, agronomics, organization/associations of growers, government coffee marketing institutions, and the state of rural financial services. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_coffee"><em>Specialty coffee</em></a> is characterized by meeting particular quality standards. Specialty coffee production allows some farmers to escape the vicissitudes of the commodity coffee market and to capture value commensurate with their product’s quality and input costs. In the United States, <a href="http://www.scaa.org/?page=resources&amp;d=facts-and-figures">55 percent</a> of the 48 billion dollars of coffee retail value consumed falls into the specialty category – representing immense growth in recent decades. If bullishness ratifies the growth prospects for high-end coffee in the U.S. and abroad, it is worth looking into how scaling will manifest at the agricultural end of the value chain, because the relationships coffee farmers have with downstream firms impact their well-being in a number of ways, including via their access to financing.

Agriculture finance for smallholders can be an operationally-intensive, high-risk enterprise. However, financial institutions like the Netherlands’ Rabobank and Mexico’s Banorte <a href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i0846e/i0846e.pdf">express</a> that agricultural credit is especially viable and profitable if “producers are well-integrated into a viable value chain.” Linking into a larger firm’s supply chain is a boon to small business growth in many contexts. Besides serving as a “<a href="https://nycfuture.org/pdf/Giving_Small_Firms_the_Business.pdf">springboard for growth</a>” for small businesses from increased market access, buyer-supplier linkages yield exposure to key industry information and data points along the value chain that contribute to better capital allocation and financial accessibility for qualified entrepreneurs. Linking with a value chain may also <a href="https://www.microlinks.org/good-practice-center/value-chain-wiki/value-chain-finance">enable</a> a transition from informal lending, which can rely overwhelmingly on local knowledge for underwriting, to the formal financial services sector.

Viability of financing increases when value chain linkages are stronger and are used as intangible collateral. While building relationships with farmers, buyers consider smallholder attributes similar to those examined by credit underwriters. This translates into easier screening of potential borrowers, disbursement and repayment of loans, and management of collateral and risk. A detailed understanding of the quality of value chain linkages can further assure lenders of farmers’ future revenue streams. Lead firms in the value chain depend on supplier quality and resilience, so they may actively play a role in facilitating outside financing, or in rarer cases directly finance their partners through product and receivables financing.

In specialty coffee, value chain integration is diligently forged. The <a href="http://www.scaa.org/chronicle/2012/02/14/direct-trade-the-questions-answers/">direct trade</a> model is defined by a transparent relationship between farmer and roaster starting with contract negotiation, and continuing through a long-term alignment of interest in the farm’s growth, stability, and sustainability. Scalability is built on a knowledge network supported by government coffee institutes and international coffee raters, like the Cup of Excellence or Coffee Analysts, as well as roasting companies. In different manifestations of specialty coffee trade, this network is tapped in order to scale the number of producers as demand grows. So as coffee consumption grows, and the market share of specialty coffee increases, more farmers will enter close relationships with international firms.

For example, Starbucks runs <a href="http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/community/farmer-support/farmer-support-centers">Farmer Support Centers</a> to <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xRL32pfxl8gC&amp;pg=PA123&amp;lpg=PA123&amp;dq=starbucks+farmer+support+center+costa+rica+value+chain+finance&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=3SSBDQ0BaU&amp;sig=WCgKAGGOsmXCnfI795B-XKssiQg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiygoKjmezKAhULMz4KHUGfDF4Q6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&amp;q=starbucks%20farmer%20support%20center%20costa%20rica%20value%20chain%20finance&amp;f=false">ensure</a> the company can meet growing demand. They administer an array of resources and support to growers, and bring new farmers into the company’s fold.

Specialty coffee allows farmers to recoup investments in increased quality by assuring that their produce will be processed and sold by a series of actors that will recognize the beans’ quality and distinctive identity. Additionally, the degree to which coffee farmers capture returns on their products’ distinct value attributes <a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR8&amp;dq=history+of+coffee+commodity&amp;ots=iESGIxaVI-&amp;sig=VwMnMFr3BYKA9h8D2KKy3G8Z55M#v=onepage&amp;q=history%20of%20coffee%20commodity&amp;f=false">determines a significant component of their market power</a>. Daday explained that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_wave_of_coffee">third wave coffee roasters</a> (specialty coffee roasters which consider coffee more an artisanal foodstuff than commodity) buy beans from a single origin in shipping container-sized quantities, and at a premium price. This further entrenches a mutual dependence, and cements the negotiational potence of specialty coffee producers relative to their counterparts who sell coffee destined for the commodity market.

Beyond the rarified world of third wave coffee roasters, retailers are investing in their value chains, often with regard for the financial externalities this avails to their businesses and those of their partners. Starbucks’ Director of Coffee Sustainability and general manager of the Starbucks Agronomy Company notes in a <a href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0016e.pdf">2006 seminar</a> that sustainability and risk control are paramount in the company’s value chain. This might manifest in partnerships with impact investors who can finance growers with whom the coffee company hopes to build a long term relationship. Recently, Keurig Green Mountain, Coffee Cooperatives, Starbucks, and USAID partnered with Root Capital to target the Roya blight, a leaf rust endemic to Latin America which causes a <a href="http://www.fomin.org/en-us/Home/FOMINblog/Blogs/DetailsBlog/ArtMID/13858/ArticleID/2179/NoTitleLink.aspx">half billion dollars in losses</a> annually when left unmitigated. Their <a href="http://www.rootcapital.org/about-us/press-releases/usaid-keurig-green-mountain-cooperative-coffees-starbucks-and-root-capital">efforts</a> will allocate $23 million, including $15 million in investment capital, to technical assistance and farm-rehabilitation efforts. Part of the technical assistance includes advice on negotiating ongoing Roya prevention costs into contracts.

From coffee to cocoa to other crops, there are roughly 500 million smallholder farmers around the world. As lessons learned in supply chain sophistication and agriculture financing amass in the growing artisanal produce and mass market grocery industries alike, the prospects for entrepreneurial smallholders may significantly brighten.

<em>Image credit: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/38476503@N08/21760883046/">CIAT</a></em>

<em>This post was modified from its original version on March 4, 2016.</em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/27/agriculture-microinsurance-in-africa-to-subsidize-or-not-to-subsidize/" target="_blank">Agriculture Microinsurance in Africa: To Subsidize or Not to Subsidize?</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/04/24/new-council-to-expand-responsible-financing-for-agriculture/">New Council to Expand Responsible Financing for Agriculture</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2015/01/28/banking-services-extended-to-300000-colombian-coffee-growers/">Banking Services Extended to 300,000 Colombian Coffee Growers</a>

Coffee Connections: Improving Smallholder Inclusion through Value Chain Finance

<em>Editor's Note: Eric Noggle worked at Microfinance Opportunities when this research was conducted and published.</em>

In 2014, <a href="http://fsdzambia.org/">Financial Sector Deepening Zambia</a> and <a href="https://www.microfinanceopportunities.org/">Microfinance Opportunities</a> (MFO) began the Zambia Financial Diaries—a 52-week study of the financial lives of 352 low-income Zambians. The study included 92 smallholder farmers—individuals who own small plots of land on which they grew crops or tended livestock for sale and/or subsistence.

The Zambian smallholder farmers represent only a tiny fraction of the estimated 500 million smallholder households worldwide. Smallholder farmers are a large livelihood group and addressing their diverse needs—from crop diversification to market integration—is a strategic priority for the World Bank Group, country-level governments, and non-government organizations.

Understanding smallholder farmers’ income patterns is critical for designing financial services that meet their financial needs. The common perception of farmers’ income patterns is that they are lumpy and linked to agricultural cycles, but the income patterns identified in MFO’s Zambia Financial Diaries challenge this perception.
<h2>Income Patterns</h2>
<a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-12.png"><img class="alignright wp-image-20735" style="border: 1px solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-12.png" alt="" width="350" height="88" /></a>The farmers in MFO’s study had lower and more variable incomes than respondents who earned the majority of their income from informal, off-farm sources (“informal workers”). The farmers had 4.3 income sources on average, often relying on casual labor or running informal shops to supplement their agricultural activities, while informal workers had 3.3 sources. Farmers’ average weekly earnings were low—only about $19 per week on average compared to $50 for informal workers (based on June 2015 exchange rates). The farmers also experienced more week-to-week income variation, as measured by the coefficient of variation (COV), than other respondents who work in the informal economy.

However, these data mask the diversity of smallholder farmers’ income patterns. The study found farmers who earned large sums frequently, while others had large and inconsistent windfalls. Lower-income farmers also had diverse patterns, with some earning small sums on a frequent basis while others went weeks between earning income.

<a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-23.png"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-20737" style="border: 1px solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-23.png" alt="" width="615" height="232" /></a>

MFO developed a simple market segmentation framework to understand the role of income patterns in financial service design better. The framework comprises two dimensions: average weekly income and week-to-week income variation as measured by the COV. We divided respondents into high- or low-income groups at the median of average weekly income and high- or low-variation groups at the median of the COV.

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<h2><a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-32.png"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-20738" style="border: 1px solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-32.png" alt="" width="615" height="299" /></a></h2>
<h2>Implications of Segmenting by Income Behavior</h2>
The segmentation framework demonstrates the diversity of smallholder farmers’ income patterns and their similarity to the income patterns of informal workers. This finding should encourage stakeholders to prioritize collecting information about consumers’ income patterns when designing financial services for the low-income market segment. The financial needs of a smallholder farmer with high, steady income are more similar to those of a micro-entrepreneur with the same income pattern than a smallholder farmer who irregularly earns small sums. Recognizing these inter-livelihood similarities can help stakeholders mitigate inefficiencies in the design, marketing, and delivery of financial services.

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<a href="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-41.png"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-20739" style="border: 1px solid #000000" src="https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/figure-41.png" alt="" width="615" height="232" /></a>

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Stakeholders focused specifically on smallholder farmers should consider the needs and opportunities that these income patterns suggest. For instance, a farmer with high income and high variation may benefit from interventions that allow the farmer to diversify on- and off-farm income sources. This diversification could lead to more consistent annual income. A farmer with high income and low variation may be best suited for interventions that support the expansion of farming activities through asset financing or linkages with local markets. Farmers with low-income and high variation may struggle to piece together the income necessary to purchase inputs during the planting season; thus, a layaway product might be beneficial for them. Cash transfers from government agencies or non-governmental organizations would help farmers with low-income and low variation pay basic on- and off-farm expenses that their meager earnings cannot cover.

Income patterns alone should not inform the design of financial services for smallholder farmers, but they are a critical component in the process. MFO’s hope is that this study and other research can help improve the efficacy of interventions meant to help this diverse group.

For more information on the research methodology and additional findings, please read the<em> <a href="https://www.microfinanceopportunities.org/?p=2824">Zambia Financial Diaries Interim Report</a></em><em>.</em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/09/10/pay-for-performance-operationalizing-the-embedded-education-model/">Pay-For-Performance: Operationalizing the Embedded Education Model</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/06/11/climate-change-adaptation-for-smallholder-farmers/">Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/11/01/what-is-financial-capability/">What Is "Financial Capability?"</a>

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Using Income Patterns to Segment Livelihood Groups: The Case of Smallholder Farmers

<em><img class="alignright" style="border:0" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/disc-meter.jpg?w=300&amp;h=174" alt="" width="300" height="174" />&gt; Posted by Center Staff</em>

This edition of top picks features posts highlighting initiatives to optimize smallholder finance data collection and usage, efforts to improve youth financial capability, and insights on how mobile money services can effectively reach women.

To better provide financing for the 450 million smallholder farmers around the world, there’s a big opportunity in developing shared knowledge bases and coordinated learning agendas for this topic area. A <a href="http://www.cgap.org/blog/filling-smallholder-household-data-gap-new-learning-agenda">new post</a> on the CGAP blog shares the work of Dalberg Global Development Advisors and the Initiative for Smallholder Finance to ascertain the state of the smallholder financing knowledge base and put in place a number of complementary tools so that those addressing this financing gap can work together, repurpose what others have already learned, and build off of the field's scarce resources to drive it forward. The post highlights a smallholder impact literature wiki, an interactive map of smallholder finance tools, a framework for data collection that includes a shared learning agenda, and new briefings offering supply and demand side insights as well as indications of where data is lacking.

How can children and youth become financially capable adults? A <a href="http://www.poverty-action.org/blog/how-can-children-and-youth-become-financially-capable-adults" target="_blank">new post</a> on the Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) blog examines interventions that have been conducted to improve the financial capability and well-being of the younger client segment. In Uganda, a country with one of the highest primary school drop-out rates in the world, 81 percent of parents with children who have dropped out cite financial constraints as the reason. Youth finance to keep kids in school and support their overall betterment is not a new item on the financial inclusion and development agendas, and so efforts to date to improve capability have been varied and even tested in combination. The IPA post discusses promising results that have arisen from financial education and savings initiatives, and important next steps.

In Papua New Guinea, where roughly 15 percent of the population has access to formal financial services, the MiCash mobile money service boasts an impressively high gender balance among its clients: 38 percent are women. The service was launched by Nationwide Microbank in 2012 and has been met with relatively high uptake among the population. GSMA’s Mobile Money for the Unbanked blog is producing a series of posts that build on their recently released report <em>Reaching Half of the Market: Women and Mobile Money</em>, outlining takeaways from mobile money services that have been effective in reaching women. <a href="http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/reaching-half-of-the-market-women-and-mobile-money-the-example-of-nationwide-microbank-in-png">This week’s post</a> on MiCash in Papua New Guinea includes insights on financial literacy, outreach, and partnerships.

<em>Image credit: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Iainf" target="_blank">Ianf</a></em>

Smallholder Data, Youth Capability, Women and Mobile – Top Picks of the Microfinance Blogosphere

Eric Noggle

Senior Research Director 

Camilla Nestor

Mark Pickens

Joanna Ledgerwood

David Ferrand

Eda Dokle

Laura Schroeder

Amee Parbhoo

Rob Stevens

Andrew Fixler

Somen Saha

Anna Koblanck

Jeffrey Riecke

Peer Stein

Michiel Sallaets

Sub-Saharan Africa

Uganda

Zambia

Kenya

Challenges and Crises

Crop Insurance

Enabling Environment

Financial Inclusion Strategy

Index Insurance

Insurance

Payments

Smallholder Farmers

Underserved Groups

Agricultural and Rural Finance

Digital Credit

Digital Financial Services

MSME/SME Finance

Policy, Regulation and Government Initiatives

Supply Chain Finance

Women

Resilience

Responsible Investing

Entrepreneurs of MSMEs

Agent Banking

Blockchain and Cryptocurrency

Consumer Protection

Delivery Channels

Financial Technology

Mobile Banking

Financial Service Providers

Fintechs

Alternative Data

Credit

Financial Health

Impact Investing

Insurtech

Neobanks

PayGo

Refugees and Migrants

Remittances

Risk Management

Underwriting

Financial Capability

Youth

Microfinance

Responsible Digital Finance

Blog Post

The majority of Kenyans have mobile money accounts; their activity demonstrates digital financial services’ potential. Accion helps Kenyan innovators harness emerging technologies to create new financial services.

<em>&gt; Posted by Bobbi Gray, Research and Evaluation Specialist, Freedom from Hunger </em>

<a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/"><img class="alignright wp-image-15287" style="border:0 solid #ffffff" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/9088752.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="388" /></a>In <a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/06/23/the-last-hunger-season-book-review-part-one/" target="_blank">part one of this review</a>, we considered several themes that Roger Thurow raised in the book <a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/" target="_blank"><em>The Last Hunger Season: A Year in an African Farm Community on the Brink of Change</em></a> that might influence how we conduct research and design evaluations to measure changes in poverty. The book follows four Kenyan smallholder families for a year, chronicling how their lives were changing as a result of participating in One Acre Fund’s agriculture training and loan program.

Understanding the decisions these families made about how and where to allocate their very limited resources helps us as financial service practitioners and researchers to understand and appreciate certain realities.

Financial service providers can feel both disappointed and encouraged by this book. We find ourselves uncomfortable reading about Leonida, the Kenyan mother and smallholder farmer who makes a credit payment instead of feeding her family. But we also see opportunity. It’s a difficult trade-off for Leonida, but she sees her credit payment as her ticket to new investment in crops, which have already shown promise after a year of participating in One Acre Fund’s program.

In our earlier discussion, we looked at how we might think differently about evaluating programs. Let’s switch gears to what Thurow encourages us to think about in terms of program design. He highlights two key opportunities that stem from a more client-centered approach to program design.

<strong>Being client-centered requires a deep understanding of not just client needs, but their financial priorities.</strong>

One Acre Fund learned that, in order to pay school fees, farmers in its program were often selling their grain at times when they would receive the lowest price for their harvest.

In response, One Acre Fund developed a school fee loan, using their grain as collateral. Repayment of the loan is deferred until the market price of grain is at a peak, months later.

One Acre wanted to ensure that the farmers could time their sales to generate the greatest profit and avoid having to sell at suppressed prices to pay school fees when those expenditures could be anticipated. They also developed small loan products that would allow farmers to buy small amounts of seed and fertilizer consistent with their small plots of land. This allows farmers to plant supplementary crops to help sustain their family through the hungry season.

As we come to a deeper understanding of the financial circumstances and constraints faced by smallholder farmers, we gain a clear picture of how One Acre Fund has innovated around these constraints to develop products that meet the specific financial needs and priorities of their clients.

<strong>Financial services alone are not enough to move people out of poverty—an integrated approach is necessary.</strong>

As we follow the stories of these four families, we become keenly aware of why microcredit alone will not be enough for them.

One Acre Fund uses microcredit as one tool but pairs it with agricultural education to help address inadequate agricultural practices. These integrated services are one part of the equation. However, health is also a roadblock for poor households as they try to pull meager funds together to seek treatment and save family member lives.

After one year in the program, Rasoa, a 30-year-old mother of three boys, was feeling comfortable about the future. She said, “For now, I won’t cry again that my children are lacking food.” However, misfortune struck and her brother was admitted to the hospital. She knew the hospital wouldn’t treat him without advance payment, so she sold two bags of her grain to pay for it. This grain was originally set aside to feed her family through the hunger season.

Being client-centered could also mean ensuring that different sectors such as health, agricultural, and financial sectors work more collaboratively to meet the multifaceted needs of the poor. Opportunities to create more and better linkages between the financial, health, and agricultural sectors exist, but they require a new way of thinking and a commitment to listening and working collaboratively to meet client needs.

We have seen such linkages work. One Acre Fund provides one example of client-centered programming. Freedom from Hunger has also helped its partners establish linkages to health providers to offer reduced-cost medical care, organize health fairs, and organize their own cadres of community health workers. Some of our partners are even addressing the first 1,000-day period from pregnancy to a child’s second birthday by providing pre-natal care education and linkages to health services, breastfeeding and diarrhea education, and access to related health products.

Thurow’s description of the lives of the smallholder farmers in <em>The Last Hunger Season</em> helps us fully realize that the movement out of poverty is often not linear. Sometimes there are periods of progress and other times, there are setbacks.

One Acre Fund encourages simple, yet effective changes to agricultural practices, including increased investment in inputs and instruction on how and when to most effectively plant new seeds and nurture them, the use of fertilizers, crop diversification, and crop rotation. If followed, this advice helps smallholder farmers by ensuring there is always a crop in the ground to produce food for the household while the cash crops are waiting to be harvested. Program participants in the story reaped harvests that were double, triple, and even quadruple the size of previous gains, providing opportunities for better nutrition, additional agricultural investments, and improvements to other life areas. Readers are left with a feeling of hope… a hope that greater returns will continue in the years to come, because a new foundation has been set for the future.

<em>Image credit:</em> <a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/" target="_blank">The Last Hunger Season</a>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="https://cfi-blog.org/2014/06/23/the-last-hunger-season-book-review-part-one/" target="_blank">'The Last Hunger Season' - Book Review (Part One)</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/31/asset-based-financing-and-flexible-repayment-schedules-to-better-serve-africas-smallholder-farmers/">Asset-Based Financing and Flexible Repayment Schedules to Better Serve Africa's Smallholder Farmers</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/04/24/new-council-to-expand-responsible-financing-for-agriculture/" target="_blank">New Council to Expand Responsible Financing for Agriculture</a>

'The Last Hunger Season' - Book Review (Part Two)

<em>&gt; Posted by Bobbi Gray, Research and Evaluation Specialist, Freedom from Hunger </em>

<a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/"><img class="alignright wp-image-15287" style="border:0 solid #ffffff" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/9088752.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="388" /></a>In 2009, <a href="http://www.portfoliosofthepoor.com/"><em>Portfolios of the Poor</em></a> illustrated a rich array of formal and informal financial services and money management practices used by the poor. For this reason, it has become a foundational text for development professionals seeking to address poverty through financial inclusion.

<a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/"><em>The Last Hunger Season: A Year in an African Farm Community on the Brink of Change</em></a>, by journalist and author Roger Thurow, chronicles the lives of four smallholder farmers in Kenya over a year’s time. His conclusions further enrich our understanding of household financial decision-making processes and tradeoffs made by the poor on a daily basis.

Along the way Thurow describes the critical role that the Kenya-based One Acre Fund plays in improving agricultural knowledge and practices by providing training and credit for agricultural inputs such as seed and fertilizer to families that have one acre of land or less. All four families followed in the book are <a href="http://www.oneacrefund.org/">One Acre Fund</a> program participants.

<em>The Last Hunger Season </em>provides some important lessons for us as financial service practitioners. It helps us re-frame how we view client impact and design impact assessments. Let’s look at a few themes.

<strong>Think of “impact” or “change” in poverty in a more comprehensive way. </strong>Thurow shares the story of Leonida, a 42-year-old Kenyan mother of seven children. Several times each year, she must choose between feeding her children and paying school fees to keep her oldest son in a boarding school. Hunger is the tradeoff that Leonida accepts because she sees education as the ticket to a better future for her children and her family.

When we only look at reported hunger as a metric for smallholder farmers, for example, given this information we might conclude that the program is failing Leonida. However, when we expand our assessment, we might see that the increase in income is directed toward education—to the detriment of family nutrition and health in the short term. However, this attention to education is deliberate and reflects the values and priorities of this family.

By only monitoring and measuring the “direct” benefits of a program, we risk getting an inaccurate picture of change or impacts at the household level. It’s important to note that to date, with participation in the One Acre Fund program, Leonida’s production has <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/roger-thurow/g8-summit_b_1525882.html" target="_blank">increased</a> from three 90-kilogram bags of maize to 10.

<strong>Qualitative observations can provide rich insights into what “impact” is.</strong> Perhaps the most striking takeaway from <em>The Last Hunger Season</em> is that when we use only quantitative measures, we are hard pressed to fully understand the impacts of a program.

As Thurow follows the families and illustrates the difficult decisions they make (and the underlying reasons behind those decisions), we are forced to wonder whether the research methods that we, as practitioners and researchers, rely on to assess the outcomes of a project can effectively capture this type of decision-making in action.

For example, one day, two of Leonida’s daughters return home from their local school, in the middle of the day, to collect school fees for their tuition. They have been asked not to return to school until they can pay their fees. They have missed lunch at school, and Leonida also has nothing to offer them to eat.

She knows that if she doesn’t pay the full amount of the school fees for her oldest son, he will surely be sent home and all of her past efforts to keep him in school will be for naught. So, she makes a difficult decision. By allowing her youngest (female) children to go hungry, she keeps the majority of the money for her oldest (male). She sends the two youngest back to school with partial payment, hoping this will buy her time to make a full payment later when she can find other ways to gather the funds.

If we evaluate this in terms of <em>where did you spend your money?</em>, we would see that she spent money on school fees. However, it is equally important to understand what she did NOT spend her money on as well as her reason to prioritize school fees over food. Leonida explains, “A person with one child who is a doctor or lawyer is above a person with seven children who haven’t been educated.”

<strong>Seasonality matters.</strong> Though this is not a new concept, as we follow the four families through a year, we come to fully appreciate another challenge we have in understanding client impact: the time of year that we conduct a client assessment can make a big difference in what we find.

When clients are interviewed at the height of the “hungry season,” we are not going to detect very positive outcomes. Conversely, if we conduct our assessments immediately after the harvest, we risk overestimating client well-being, as it can be short-lived. As Andrew Youn, President of Once Acre Fund notes, “Harvest time is a time to dream. To dream of improving lives, feeding families, sending children to school, investing in livestock.”

Some research methods and assessments take seasonality into account. Thurow reminds us of the importance of factoring in seasonality when designing assessments and interpreting the results.

<strong>Measuring hope and “softer” impacts. </strong>At the end of the year, along with increases in harvest results, hope appears to be one of the tangible impacts of One Acre’s credit and agricultural support program.

One could easily argue that Thurow wrote the book to elicit this emotion in the reader. But it’s possible that there is more here than just a writing style; it suggests an important consideration for us when we design evaluations of both short- and long-term program impact.

We typically evaluate the benefits of access to and use of microfinance products using quantifiable measures – for example, agricultural output, household income, business revenues, amount of savings, increase in assets, and others. Yet, we could learn a lot more about some of the “softer” impacts such as client attitudes and perceptions about their lives, including hope.

Instead of approaching household outcomes only by whether there was more income in one year’s time, what if we instead accepted that a client’s perception of her well-being is an adequate composite for assessing her comprehensive, complicated financial and non-financial life? Or, in the least, what if we incorporated these “soft” aspects as integral components for gauging program impact?

We know that we can’t prove impact by relying only on hope and a positive perception of a client’s current life or future—or can we? Thurow paints a compelling picture that illustrates why and how the process of moving out of poverty is slow and painstaking. He makes the point that hope seems to be the vital fuel that helps propel this engine forward. Attitudes and perceptions may turn out to be a more accurate indicator of wellbeing than a long list of quantifiable indicators. It is something we should test. If smallholder farmers are hanging onto hope for a better future, perhaps we as evaluators should as well.

In part two of this post I’ll discuss some of the client-centered program design insights shared in <em>The Last Hunger Season</em>.

<em>*This post was modified from its original version on June 25, 2014.</em>

<em>Image credit:</em> <a href="http://www.thelasthungerseason.com/" target="_blank">The Last Hunger Season</a>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/06/11/climate-change-adaptation-for-smallholder-farmers/" target="_blank">Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/27/agriculture-microinsurance-in-africa-to-subsidize-or-not-to-subsidize/" target="_blank">Agriculture Microinsurance in Africa: To Subsidize or Not to Subsidize?</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/31/asset-based-financing-and-flexible-repayment-schedules-to-better-serve-africas-smallholder-farmers/">Asset-Based Financing and Flexible Repayment Schedules to Better Serve Africa's Smallholder Farmers</a>

'The Last Hunger Season' - Book Review (Part One)

<em style="color:#5e514d">&gt; Posted by Jeffrey Riecke, Communications Associate, CFI</em>

<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/55034788@N08/5758970864/"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-14750" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/5758970864_fa51c58c71_z.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" /></a>The 450 million smallholder farmers around the world, who comprise the majority of those living in absolute poverty, have <a href="http://dalberg.com/documents/Catalyzing_Smallholder_Ag_Finance.pdf">an enormous unmet financing need</a>. Such financing requirements include small loans for inputs like seeds and fertilizer. A few weeks ago, seven leading social lenders, who collectively disbursed $360 million in 2013 toward agriculture financing, joined forces to spur sustainable growth and instill responsible practices in this vital lending area: they formed the Council on Smallholder Agricultural Finance.

Launched at the Skoll World Forum in Oxford, the Council is made up of Alterfin, Oikocredit, Rabobank’s Rabo Rural Fund, responsAbility Investments AG, Root Capital, the Shared Interest Society, and Triodos Investment Management. The Council will meet regularly, share experiences and insights, and develop best practices and industry standards across three areas: market growth; responsible lending principles; social and environmental impact.

The Council particularly targets loans to “missing middle” agricultural businesses in low- and middle-income countries. The “missing middle” refers to businesses that require financing in the $25,000 to $2 million range, which are amounts often deemed too large for microfinance and too low for commercial banks. These businesses include producer organizations, companies that source from smallholder farmers, and companies that provide productive assets to smallholder farmers, often on credit. These companies can serve hundreds to thousands of farmers, offering an array of services including market access support, training, financial services, and accessible assets. Though millions of smallholder farmers are connected to these missing middle businesses, the vast majority are not.

There’s a huge opportunity to expand the missing middle agricultural financing market. The groups in the Council plan to increase their combined disbursements in this area to a total of $500 million by 2016. They also aim to facilitate successful market entry for new lenders. Research indicates the addressable financing gap for this market area to be about <a href="http://dalberg.com/documents/Catalyzing_Smallholder_Ag_Finance.pdf">$12 billion</a>.

While promoting market growth, the Council will look to instill responsible practices – across social, environmental, and corporate governance areas - among all financial institutions serving the missing middle market. The Council created a <a href="http://www.csaf.net/lending/lending-principles/">set of responsible lending principles</a> for these lenders, which include principles on transparency, prevention of overindebtedness, trusted information sharing, and fair treatment.

To ensure that their lending efforts are creating positive social and environmental change, the Council created and endorsed a set of <a href="http://www.csaf.net/impact/">seven impact metrics</a> that its members will collect and share annually, and use as a basis for deeper impact analysis in the future.

To learn more about the Council on Smallholder Agricultural Finance, <a href="http://www.csaf.net/">click here</a>.
<p style="color:#5e514d"><em>Image credit: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/55034788@N08/5758970864/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline">Africa Renewal / UN Photo / Fred Noy</span></a></em></p>
<p style="color:#5e514d"><span style="font-weight:bold">Have you read?</span></p>
<p style="color:#5e514d"><a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/27/agriculture-microinsurance-in-africa-to-subsidize-or-not-to-subsidize/" target="_blank">Agriculture Microinsurance in Africa: To Subsidize or Not to Subsidize?</a></p>
<p style="color:#5e514d"><a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/01/29/the-hunger-games-are-real-for-millions-of-people/" target="_blank">The Hunger Games Are Real for Millions of People</a></p>
<p style="color:#5e514d"><a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/31/asset-based-financing-and-flexible-repayment-schedules-to-better-serve-africas-smallholder-farmers/" target="_blank">Asset-Based Financing and Flexible Repayment Schedules to Better Serve Africa's Smallholder Farmers</a></p>

New Council to Expand Responsible Financing for Agriculture

<em>&gt; Posted by </em><i>Laurence Dare <i>and Stephanie Hanson</i>, East Africa Policy Manager and Director of Policy and Outreach, One Acre Fund</i>

Expanding access to finance isn’t enough. Clients need access to financial products that they will actually adopt. That’s why addressing customer needs, one of the pillars of the <a href="http://www.centerforfinancialinclusion.org/fi2020/roadmap-to-inclusion" target="_blank">Financial Inclusion 2020 Roadmap to Inclusion</a>, is so critical for making finance more inclusive. For smallholder farmers in rural Africa, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CDoQFjAB&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfw4a.org%2Fdocuments-details%2Ffinancial-inclusion-in-africa.html%3Fdl%3D1&amp;ei=osUwU9zeJPSQ0gHDioCoDA&amp;usg=AFQjCNEfXdiaXnDcAXy1C7BZ66UuPIxtYg&amp;sig2=hPgAjLL1GQrJmkjN1Pq3PQ&amp;bvm=bv.63587204,d.dmQ" target="_blank">where inclusion rates are 19 percent compared to the urban rate of 34 percent</a>, the financial services provided don’t come close to <a href="http://api.ning.com/files/BpcxhYIbWSb--9dVh4I6Vp8t042J6m87aqI8DN47rXSg*4UvXaDtH5vNtygCoe5x-zKwCF14kyP*ktfXrOePlLwVwQS3uCEd/Initiative_for_Smallholder_Finance_Briefing_1.pdf">meeting the demand</a>. Asset-based financing and loan products with flexible repayment schedules can help close this gap.

Among other financial services, smallholders desperately need access to financing for basic inputs—improved seed and fertilizer—that could dramatically increase their agriculture productivity. Properly designed, this financing could make an important contribution to growth and poverty reduction in Africa.

<img class="aligncenter  wp-image-14492" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/het1099.jpg" alt="" width="525" height="348" />Unfortunately, microfinance products created for Africa’s poor do not necessarily meet such needs. Most microfinance institutions are <a href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadf010.pdf">concentrated in urban and peri-urban areas</a> and primarily offer cash loan products on strict repayment schedules. These products meet the needs of the urban and suburban poor, most of whom receive small but frequent income from businesses or jobs. Smallholder farmers have different challenges.

Unlike urban clients, smallholder farmers receive the majority of their income all at once after harvesting. As small jobs come in, such as day labor on a neighbor’s farm or a local construction project, farmers can earn some extra income, but this is incremental and unpredictable. A cash loan product on a strict repayment schedule does not meet these financing needs.

How should a loan product be structured to meet the needs of smallholder farmers? At <a href="http://www.oneacrefund.org/">One Acre Fund</a>, we designed a product pairing asset-based financing and a flexible repayment schedule that is working for 180,000 smallholder farmers in Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania.

Instead of cash, One Acre Fund lends the assets that farmers need for success. By buying through us, farmers are able to avoid the potential pitfalls associated with local sellers, such as poor quality or fraudulent inputs and high prices. Our organization sources materials from large suppliers, negotiates bulk fates, and imposes rigorous quality control standards.

There are other advantages to lending assets rather than cash, as well. Farmers are less intimidated by taking a loan when they are receiving a comprehensive package of inputs that is proven to be profitable. Because it shares features with <a href="http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pn/factsheets/nena_islamic.pdf">Islamic finance models such as murabaha</a>, asset-based lending can provide a workable alternative for Muslim clients.

[caption id="14458" align="alignright" width="342"]<a href="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/graph.jpg"><img class="wp-image-14458 size-none" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/graph.jpg" alt="Money flows in throughout the season rather than all at the end. In the past three years, One Acre Fund has seen stable and steady repayments." width="342" height="241" /></a> Loan repayment money flows in throughout the season rather than all at the end. In the past three years, One Acre Fund has seen stable and steady repayments.[/caption]

For the lender, the asset-based lending model lowers risk and reduces the need to assess credit worthiness. The lender knows what investment the client has made and knows that the investment can be used in a profitable business model. It also allows for specifically tailored training. With all of their clients using the same inputs, microfinance institutions can provide precise information on how to use them to maximize profits. Our field officers provide highly-specific training at weekly meetings to ensure that clients get the most out of their investments. Field officers also use these meetings to encourage continuous repayment and offer modest incentives for meeting targets early.

Instead of enforcing a strict weekly repayment structure, our flexible repayment structure has just two deadlines for clients. First, farmers must meet a “prepayment” requirement before they receive any of our services (roughly 10 percent of their total loan size). The second repayment deadline is the final one, due after the harvest. After paying that first 10 percent, farmers are free to make repayment on their own schedule, at any time throughout the season.

This type of flexible repayment schedule works because it meets the needs of smallholder farmers, boosts demand for credit and <a href="http://www.econ.yale.edu/conference/neudc11/papers/paper_146.pdf">increases the amount invested in farm inputs</a>. And it has been shown that offering a flexible repayment schedule generally <a href="http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rpande/papers/repayfreqjeea_1107.pdf">does not increase delinquency or default</a> among microfinance clients.

At One Acre Fund, the flexible repayment schedule has been very successful, supporting a growing number of clients as well as excellent repayment statistics over the past three years. Our overall repayment rate is over 98 percent.

<em>Image credit: Hailey Tucker, One Acre Fund</em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/07/29/financing-smallholder-farmers-with-fairtrade-access-fund/" target="_blank">Financing Smallholder Farmers With Fairtrade Access Fund</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/01/29/the-hunger-games-are-real-for-millions-of-people/" target="_blank">The Hunger Games Are Real for Millions of People</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/03/03/weather-index-insurance-to-benefit-from-new-nasa-satellite/" target="_blank">Weather Index Insurance to Benefit from New NASA Satellite</a>

Asset-Based Financing and Flexible Repayment Schedules to Better Serve Africa’s Smallholder Farmers

<em>&gt; Posted by Jeffrey Riecke, Communications Associate, CFI</em>

On Thursday NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2014/02/27/nasa-launching-game-changing-satellite-for-global-precipitation-monitoring/?wpisrc=nl_buzz">launched a new weather and climate satellite</a> that generates a near-global view of precipitation, closing previous large observation gaps. This development has the potential to inform an array of important weather-related activities, including weather index insurance.

The satellite, known as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, uses a radiometer and dual-frequency radar to measure the presence and even the intensity of rain, snow, and ice, to a time window of three hours, across a geographic range of 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south latitude. Data generated by the satellite will be publicly available to anyone around the world.

[caption id="attachment_14147" align="aligncenter" width="587"]<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/february/nasa-and-jaxa-launch-new-satellite-to-measure-global-rain-and-snow/#.UxSe_fldWSo" target="_blank"><img class=" wp-image-14147  " style="border:0;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:8px" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/14-055-gpm1_0.jpg?w=490" width="587" /></a> A Japanese H-IIA rocket launching the GPM satellite from the Tanegashima Space Center in Tanegashima, Japan.[/caption]
<p style="text-align:left">NASA’s predecessor satellite was only able to detect rain, and not to varying intensities. It also covered a more limited geographic area of 35 degrees north to 35 degrees south. The new NASA satellite could prove an invaluable resource for weather-related initiatives like disaster response and relief.</p>
<p style="text-align:left">Weather index insurance is well-positioned to benefit from the newly detailed precipitation data. Weather index insurance offers a payout to farmers in the event of extreme weather, such as drought or a hurricane. The financial support helps farmers sustain their families while their source of livelihood, their land, recovers. This safeguard also makes it less risky to take out loans to invest in the productivity of land. The payout is triggered by weather index readings that register as extreme weather. This mechanism yields low transaction costs – a necessity as it rarely is practical for insurance agents to travel to smallholder farmers and verify the weather and land conditions.</p>
Available weather data has been a limiting factor for the scope and accuracy of weather index insurance. A few years ago, those with index insurance hit by Hurricane Sandy in the Caribbean were not able to receive payouts because the limited range of the NASA satellites in operation did not cover the impact zone. As the new satellite expands the data’s geographic reach, weather index insurance is also positioned to expand. With the new satellite, weather index insurance could expand beyond rain, too. Hail storms, for example, are currently a significant risk in countries like Malawi and Zambia, but the data has been lacking to support weather index insurance with hail coverage.

When we heard about this exciting development, we reached out to Véronique Faber, Executive Director of the Microinsurance Network, to see what she thought. "This data will be a game-changer, especially as NASA plans to give access to everyone in the world," she said, adding, "Stakeholders involved in weather index insurance for small farm holders will watch this space closely!"

Along with these potential advantages, it’s important to consider a few factors that might constrain the satellite’s ability to support weather index insurance. Typically, insurance product pricing and design is calibrated using historical data on claims and damage. This will be lacking at first when the new satellite data comes on stream, and could limit its rapid use. There is also the potential for the satellite’s new techniques to not be as accurate as hoped across all regions. It’s still not uncommon for particular satellites to be more or less accurate for particular geographies. For instance, the previous NASA satellite was more accurate in the Caribbean and East Asia than it was in Africa.

<em>*Some of this post's content was generously provided by <a href="http://www.microensure.com/" target="_blank">MicroEnsure</a>.</em>

<em>Image credit: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/february/nasa-and-jaxa-launch-new-satellite-to-measure-global-rain-and-snow/#.UxSfnPldWSp" target="_blank">NASA/Bill Ingalls</a></em>

<strong>Have you read?</strong>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/12/06/microinsurance-gets-three-wishes/" target="_blank">Microinsurance Gets Three Wishes</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2014/02/25/mobile-microinsurance-products-and-financial-capability/" target="_blank">Mobile Microinsurance Products and Financial Capability</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/04/16/silos-no-more-financial-inclusion-for-the-whole-value-chain/" target="_blank">Silos No More: Financial Inclusion for the Whole Value Chain</a>

Weather Index Insurance to Benefit from New NASA Satellite

<em>&gt; Posted by Michiel Sallaets, Communications Manager, Incofin Investment Management</em>

Approximately 2.6 billion of the world’s 7.1 billion people live on less than $2 per day, and smallholder farmers are the single largest group of these, with over <a href="http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228121188_Savings_for_the_Poor_Banking_on_Mobile_Phones" target="_blank">600 million people</a>. Despite some progress, the provision of financial services to rural communities, and in particular to individuals whose livelihoods depend on agricultural activities, remains a challenge. Specific risks, such as weather conditions, disease, and variations in market prices create barriers for providing financial services to this group.

Impact investors, local governments, and even local private lenders are working to overcome these challenges, and some successful models have emerged. Yet difficulties remain. The Dalberg study “Catalyzing Smallholder Agricultural Finance” showed that the smallholder demand for financing could be as large as $450 billion (estimate for 2011). In addition, of the financing that is currently provided (estimation of $9.4 billion in 2011), 90 percent is for short-term finance. Thus, only 0.2 percent of smallholders seeking financing for investments in the infrastructure and equipment that can help them achieve higher yields and productivity have their needs for financing met.
<p style="text-align:left"><a href="http://www.fairtrade.net/single-view+M5cbea340f8b.html" target="_blank" rel="attachment wp-att-11847"><img class="aligncenter  wp-image-11847" style="border:0;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:15px" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/farmer.jpg" width="560" /></a>Understanding and addressing smallholder financing needs is critical in reducing poverty. Through more than 12 years of supporting rural microfinance institutions in developing countries, Incofin Investment Management has seen this repeatedly. Fairtrade International, a global non-profit working to provide a better deal for farmers and workers, had seen the same problem among its network of more than 1.2 million farmers and workers. In a survey conducted in 2012, Fairtrade farmers in Latin America alone expressed a need for $500 million to invest in infrastructure, working capital to cover purchases like seeds and fertilizer, and bridge financing to cover the period between harvest and receipt of payment from a buyer (trade finance). The survey highlighted the high demand and lack of supply for long-term loans that provide farmers with the opportunity to invest in new technologies and equipment that can lead to improved efficiency and higher yields over a sustained period.</p>
Recognizing this gap, Incofin IM, Incofin cvso, Fairtrade International, and Grameen Foundation joined to establish the first fund to focus on the unmet demand by smallholders for long-term loans. In October 2012 the Fairtrade Access Fund was launched with $1.75 million of capital. Incofin IM is responsible for managing the fund while the other three parties take the sponsor role. The Fund is an impact investment fund designed to provide rural people with opportunities to increase their market access through financial products and technical assistance that meet the specific needs of farmers. Its investments are designed to have a positive social impact on the lives of smallholder famers while delivering a fair financial return for the fund’s investors.

Working through Fairtrade certified producer organizations, such as farmers associations and cooperatives, the Fairtrade Access Fund offers a full range of loan products to meet a variety of financial needs. It also provides technical assistance to the producer organizations as a means of strengthening their management and agricultural practices, making them better candidates for future financing. By addressing both the lack of access to appropriate funding and some of the factors that create this market gap, the Fund seeks to further stimulate the development of smallholder farmers.

Choosing to focus on Fairtrade-certified cooperatives is a means of ensuring that the Fund delivers a strong social return. The lack of negotiating power of an individual farmer means that downward pressure on prices from large buyers can result in a farmer selling his crop for less money than he invested in producing it. The Fairtrade minimum price ensures a transparent price that allows farmers to plan for the coming period. By increasing access to financing for Fairtrade certified organizations, further incentive is provided to other producer organizations to seek certification.

Since its launch in Latin America, the Fund has provided nine loans for trade finance and long-term investments to Fairtrade cooperatives in Honduras, Peru, Paraguay, and Nicaragua. The first long-term loan disbursed by the Fund will be used by COCLA, a Peruvian cooperative with a long history of working with Fairtrade certified organizations, to purchase new machinery for drying coffee and cocoa. Drying the coffee and cocoa themselves allows the producer organization to receive a higher price for their beans. They also produce and distribute value-added products made with these commodities, such as roasted coffee and chocolate bars that are sold in supermarkets and their own coffee shop chain. COCLA generates impact in the short term for its 24 member cooperatives by increasing the processing capacity, the quality of the final product, and the diversity of options for the cooperatives and their members. With products like this, the cooperative becomes more attractive to prospective members, as it helps them improve product standards and timely delivery, due to the increased processing capacity. For example, two new cocoa cooperatives are in the process of becoming members of COCLA, a decision made more attractive by the facilities, such as access to a new drying machine, that COCLA is able to offer them.

There are also significant benefits for the farmers, in part because it brings more of them into the Fairtrade circle (where they get a better price and access to more markets). In the long term, farmers also have the opportunity to access better prices and increase the volumes they can deliver to the cooperative. Furthermore, the investment in the new coffee and cocoa drier will generate new jobs in several links in the production chain of COCLA.

Since its launch in October four new investors have entered the fund, helping it to grow to over $7.5 million. The total amount lent so far has reached $4.85 million, and Incofin IM is currently assessing transactions with prospects in eight countries to finance coffee, bananas, honey, sugar cane, blueberries, sesame, and walnuts. By replicating its experience with COCLA and other Fairtrade certified cooperatives on a larger scale, the Fairtrade Access Fund aims to push the boundaries of financial inclusion as it reaches out to the world’s smallholder farmers.

<i>For more information on the Fairtrade Access Fund, visit the </i><a href="https://www.incofin.com/en/fund/fairtrade-access-fund" target="_blank"><i>Fund’s website</i></a><i>, or contact </i><a href="mailto:info@fairtradeaccessfund.com" target="_blank"><i>info@fairtradeaccessfund.com</i></a><i> </i><i></i>

<em><a href="https://www.incofin.com/en/team/michiel-sallaets" target="_blank" rel="attachment wp-att-11837"><img class="alignleft  wp-image-11837" style="border:0" alt="" src="http://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/1ac2c15.jpg" width="120" /></a><a href="https://www.incofin.com/en/team/michiel-sallaets" target="_blank">Michiel Sallaets</a> joined Incofin Investment Management in February 2013 as the Communications Manager. Previously he worked as a PR consultant in the Belgian PR department of Hill+Knowlton Strategies where he advised clients such as BlackRock, Citibank and Adidas on media relations and developing communication strategies and materials. Furthermore he helped clients in building strong relations with stakeholders using social media. He began his career at Burson-Marsteller where he did an internship in the PR and PA department, being responsible for the media relations of the high-level event "European of the Year Awards."</em>

<em>Image credit: <a href="http://www.fairtrade.net/single-view+M5cbea340f8b.html" target="_blank">Fairtrade International</a><a href="http://www.occupycooperative.com/" target="_blank">
</a></em>

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<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/04/25/new-mobile-platform-empowers-farmers-in-uganda/" target="_blank">New Mobile Platform Empowers Farmers in Uganda</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/04/16/silos-no-more-financial-inclusion-for-the-whole-value-chain/" target="_blank">Silos No More: Financial Inclusion for the Whole Value Chain</a>

<a href="http://cfi-blog.org/2013/05/30/the-service-provider-spectrum-from-microfinance-to-financial-inclusion/" target="_blank">The Service Provider Spectrum - From Microfinance to Financial Inclusion</a>

Financing Smallholder Farmers With Fairtrade Access Fund